Submissions by Topic:
Methodologies & Tools
Unlocking the secrets of mangroves
Unlocking the secrets of mangroves
Where land and sea meet, a unique ecosystem is found: mangrove forests. Whether offering protection from climate change, supporting livelihoods, biodiversity and more, mangroves benefit us all. In the first study of its kind, FAO, with experts around the world, uncovered a wealth of information on the extent of mangrove forests globally, as well a glimpse into what causes mangrove losses and gains. Find out more about this precious ecosystem and see how mangroves affect our daily lives.
Published:
Submitted:
The world’s mangroves 2000–2020
The world’s mangroves 2000–2020
This report provides global and regional estimates of the area covered by mangrove forests, including area changes between 2000 and 2020. It analyses the drivers of these global, regional and subregional changes for the periods 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 with the aim of improving understanding of these drivers, their interactions and how their relative importance has shifted over time. In the study that underpins this report, FAO developed and validated an easy, repeatable methodology that integrates remote sensing with local knowledge. An FAO team and 48 image interpreters worldwide collected and analysed data on mangrove area in 2020, change in mangrove area between 2000 and 2020, and the drivers of change over the two decades. It is the first global study of mangrove area to provide information on land use rather than land cover.
Published:
Submitted:
Estimating emissions and removals from forest degradation: An overview of country experience
Estimating emissions and removals from forest degradation: An overview of country experience
This booklet provides an overview of the methodological options available to countries to address these challenges while collecting the emerging experience of dozens of countries that have already reported on emissions from forest degradation internationally. The authors attempt to summarize country experiences in estimating carbon stock changes from forest degradation and their methodological options.
Published:
Submitted:
How much do large-scale and small-scale farming contribute to global deforestation?
How much do large-scale and small-scale farming contribute to global deforestation?
The study presented in this document expands on the work conducted during the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2020 Remote Sensing Survey (RSS) and revisits the extensive dataset of areas where deforestation occurred over periods 2000–2010 and 2010–2018 to subclassify and assess deforestation drivers. Notably, considering the importance it would have in designing appropriate strategies for halting deforestation, the study assesses the share of agriculture-driven deforestation linked to small-scale and large-scale farming, both for cropping and livestock systems. The goal was not only to further characterize the global deforestation drivers in 2000–2018 but also to identify methods and tools that can help in exploring the deforestation drivers using Earth Observation – by adding more options to the original FRA RSS query and by trying to define subjective characteristics of the activities.
Published:
Submitted:
Community Monitoring of Natural Resource Systems and the Environment
Community Monitoring of Natural Resource Systems and the Environment
Community monitoring can track environmental phenomena, resource use, and natural resource management processes of concern to community members. It can also contribute to planning and decision-making and empower community members in resource management. While community monitoring that addresses the environmental crisis is growing, it also gathers data on other global challenges: climate change, social welfare, and health. Some environmental community monitoring programs are challenged by limited collective action and community participation, insufficient state responsiveness to data and proposals, and lack of sustainability over time. Additionally, community members monitoring the environment are increasingly harassed and sometimes killed. Community monitoring is more effective with improved data collection, improved data management and sharing, andstronger efforts to meet community information needs, enable conflict resolution, and strengthen self-determination. Other promising areas for development are further incorporating governance issues, embracing integrated approaches at the community level, and establishing stronger links to national and global frameworks.
Published:
Submitted:
Developing Capacity for National Forest Monitoring Systems UN-REDD Support and Innovative Solutions for Collecting, Managing and Reporting Forest Data
Developing Capacity for National Forest Monitoring Systems UN-REDD Support and Innovative Solutions for Collecting, Managing and Reporting Forest Data
Forests are a crucial part of the climate solution if sustainably managed, and sustainable management requires up-to-date, unbiased, accurate and transparent information.
• National forest monitoring systems (NFMS) are a foundation for national decision-making, monitoring the
implementation and effects of forest policy actions, sustainable forest management, REDD+ and the enhanced
transparency framework for action and support of the Paris Agreement under UNFCCC, through the provision of transparent, reliable, relevant, accessible and sustainable forest data.
Published:
Submitted:
10+ years of UN-REDD expertise and best practice;
10+ years of UN-REDD expertise and best practice;
10+ years of UN-REDD expertise and best practice; to the most current topics and knowledge from our broad range of Programme experts.
Published:
Submitted:
The Use of Digital Platforms for Community-Based Monitoring
The Use of Digital Platforms for Community-Based Monitoring
Environmental observing programs that are based on Indigenous and local knowledge increasingly use digital technologies. Digital platforms may improve data management in community-based monitoring (CBM) programs, but little is known about how their use translates into tangible results. Drawing on published literature and a survey of 18 platforms, we examine why and how digital platforms are used in CBM programs and illuminate potential challenges and opportunities. Digital platforms make it easy to collect, archive, and share CBM data, facilitate data use, and support understanding larger-scale environmental patterns through interlinking with other platforms. Digital platforms, however, also introduce new challenges, with implications for the sustainability of CBM programs and communities’ abilities to maintain control of their own data. We expect that increased data access and strengthened technical capacity will create further demand within many communities for ethically developed platforms that aid in both local and larger-scale decision-making.
Published:
Submitted:
Connecting Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Environmental Observing
Connecting Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Environmental Observing
Effective responses to rapid environmental change rely on observations to inform planning and decision-making. Reviewing literature from 124 programs across the globe and analyzing survey data for 30 Arctic community-based monitoring programs, we compare top-down, large-scale program driven approaches with bottom-up approaches initiated and steered at the community level. Connecting these two approaches and linking to Indigenous and local knowledge yields benefits including improved information products and enhanced observing program efficiency and sustainability. We identify core principles central to such improved links: matching observing program aims, scales, and ability to act on information; matching observing program and community priorities; fostering compatibility in observing methodology and data management; respect of Indigenous intellectual property rights and the implementation of free, prior, and informed consent; creating sufficient organizational support structures; and ensuring sustained community members’ commitment. Interventions to overcome challenges in adhering to these principles are discussed.
Published:
Submitted:
Creating Synergies between Citizen Science and Indigenous and Local Knowledge
Creating Synergies between Citizen Science and Indigenous and Local Knowledge
Citizen science (CS) is receiving increasing attention as a conduit for Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in ecosystem stewardship and conservation. Drawing on field experience and scientific literature, we explore the connection between CS and ILK and demonstrate approaches for how CS can generate useful knowledge while at the same time strengthening ILK systems. CS invites laypersons to contribute observations, perspectives, and interpretations feeding into scientific knowledge systems. In contrast, ILK can be understood as knowledge systems in its own right, with practices and institutions to craft legitimate and useful knowledge. Such fundamental differences in how knowledge is generated, interpreted, and applied need to be acknowledged and understood for successful outcomes. Engaging with complementary knowledge systems using a multiple evidence base approach can improve the legitimacy of CS initiatives, strengthen collaborations through ethical and reciprocal relationships with ILK holders, and contribute to better stewardship of ecosystems.
Published:
Submitted:
The Concept, Practice, Application, and Results of Locally Based Monitoring of the Environment
The Concept, Practice, Application, and Results of Locally Based Monitoring of the Environment
Locally based monitoring is typically undertaken in areas in which communities have a close attachment to their natural resource base. We present a summary of work to develop a theoretical and practical understanding of locally based monitoring and we outline tests of this approach in research and practice over the past 20 years. Our tests show that locally based monitoring delivers credible data at local scale independent of external experts and can be used to inform local and national decision making within a short timeframe. We believe that monitoring conducted by and anchored in communities will gain in importance where scientist-led monitoring is sparse or too expensive to sustain and for ecosystem attributes in cases in which remote sensing cannot provide credible data. The spread of smartphone technology and online portals will further enhance the importance and usefulness of this discipline.
Published:
Submitted:
Natural Economic Direct Carbon Capture System
Natural Economic Direct Carbon Capture System
Forests are vital for continued life of species on the globe. The increase in demands on lumber has driven businesses to engage in deforestation of “the” vital “earth-lungs”, the forests, to cover the proportional increase in population favoring human habitats whilst ignoring the fundamental habitats of other species (plants, animals, microorganisms etc.). Furthermore, forests contribute to rain thus covering water shortages across earth; major forest-fires and deforestations have interfered with the global water-cycle balance. Additionally, forests deliver a fundamental role in the synthesis of oxygen naturally utilizing one of forests main function, photosynthesis, which allows for providing continued balance of oxygen to carbon dioxide ratio within the atmosphere. Suffocation is not only the absence of oxygen but also the increased concentration of carbon dioxide thus the ration of oxygen/carbon dioxide is vital for species life. Needless to say, carbon dioxide within the atmosphere has proven to be the main contributor to global warming and climate change resulting in increased earth temperature melting Artic and Antarctic ice raising sea levels threatening coastal floods worldwide. Carbon dioxide is a major reactant of photosynthesis; trees engage in the natural carbon dioxide carbon producing sugars and oxygen; consequently, forestation and afforestation play a major role in natural direct capturing of human-incuded carbon dioxide in our current industrial era. Stringent international legislations have set regulations and policies to control deforestation globally. However, it is difficult to enforce such legislations globally especially when economics and demand compete with environment.
In the realization of the summary above, Steel Wood Industries FZCO (Dubai Branch) has scientifically tackled the above variables formulating a new wood type SDB which benefits from recycling 100% post-consumer random mix of waste wood species into a unique and homogeneous panel with revolutionary mechanical properties. The abundance of waste wood globally is enormous; a methodical employment of such “burden” to the environment and +GHG’s in landfills has transformed the above mentioned into “beige gold” raw material, a requirement for SDB production Steel Wood Density Board (SDB) is an environmental-friendly composite-wood material type, composted of 100% post-consumer recycled random mix of wood species including SDB waste panels (excluding MDF). Trees are not to be cut to manufacture SDB as the “raw material” has to be 100% unusable wood residues and waste wood. Should there be a “non-environmental tree” proven and justified by international norms, the manufacturer should not engage in trimming and cutting of the tree and a third party needs to be engaged in such an operation to maintain the chain of custody requirements enforced by the FSC certification body or similar. This employment of Steel Wood Industries FZCO (Dubai Branch) technology not only allows for saving almost 6-equivalent trees per unit manufactured vs. conventional panel production (tree crown and roots are panel-production compatible thus wasted and contribute to 51% of the total tree; the remaining 49% timber has 50% water and bark waste; the actual yield of production is estimated at around 25%; fuel is needed to evaporate water from timber further dropping actual yield of tree for production). These “saved-tree equivalence” naturally capture carbon, secure species habitats, contribute to humidity i.e. rain cycle, synthesize oxygen etc. at no cost to human economy.
The business model of Steel Wood Industries FZCO (Dubai Branch) provides a lucrative model that attracts non-environmentalists and environmentalists equally while saving virtual forests worldwide! Excessively abundant waste wood globally (construction waste residuals, end of cycle pallets, furniture etc.) protect “virtual forests” minimizing necessity of deforestation for lumber. Waste wood that would end up in landfills or burned for energy is reused and recycled into SDB thus transforming a +GHG byproduct to a net -GHG SDB industry covering demands.
Operating from the desert dunes of the UAE, Steel Wood Industries FZCO (Dubai Branch) pilot plant is fully functional without cutting a single tree. The absence of forests in the GCC is a major proof that this model is independent of the presence of forests; Steel Wood Industries FZCO (Dubai Branch) main raw material is post-consumer wood waste (construction waste residuals and other wood waste) prior entering landfills. The cutting-edge technology invented by Steel Wood Industries FZCO (Dubai Branch) produces dual valuable commodities; wooden panels to cover demand and carbon dioxide for carbon trade. From a 125cbm/day a total of -1,000,000 MTCO2E/annum as RMU units under the LULUCF are equivalent to roughly 1,300,000 Acres of US forests per annum; i.e. the recycling of post-consumer wood SDB can be considered as saving this equivalent of virtual forests per year anywhere on the globe. Steel Wood Industries FZCO’s objective is to have a multitude of “scaled” sites across the globe contributing cumulatively and effectively to global -GHG efforts and technologies.
Steel Wood Industries FZCO (Dubai Branch) has nomenclatured this carbon method as the Natural Economic Direct Carbon Capture System (NEDCCS). The prevention of deforestation allows for 6-equivalent trees to do natural carbon capture of carbon dioxide saving global forests providing economical temptations not only for environmental investors targeting global SDG’s and committed to the Paris Agreement but also to profit-driven non-environmentalists to participate in investments around every municipality globally. Humans and species, especially in the post-covid-19 era, are in great need for clean and fresh breathable air allowing nature to do its natural correction of man-made Anthropocene. As for the economics, a dual commodity model, panel and carbon dioxide, would encourage joint ventures and investment to copy-cat the technology internationally. This NEDCCS, the Swistainable model, Steel Wood Industries FZCO’s sustainable model, once adopted globally save earth’s breathing lungs across the globe, our forests!
Published:
Submitted:
Guía operativa US1. Programa de manejo y ordenación forestal
Guía operativa US1. Programa de manejo y ordenación forestal
El Programa de Manejo y Ordenación Forestal, es una de las medidas de acción directas que conforman la actividad “Modelo de gestión
sustentable de los recursos vegetacionales” de la ENCCRV, y cuyo fin es influir principalmente sobre la actividad productiva insustentable,
que se identificó como una de las más importantes causales de degradación y no aumentos de sumideros de carbono que afectan a las formaciones vegetacionales nativas del país.
Published:
Submitted:
Guía operativa US.3. Fortalecimiento al programa de dendroenergía
Guía operativa US.3. Fortalecimiento al programa de dendroenergía
El fortalecimiento del programa de dendroenergía es una de las medidas de acción directas que conforman la actividad “Modelo de gestión sustentable de recursos vegetacionales” de la ENCCRV, y cuyo fin es influir rincipalmente sobre la actividad productiva insustentable que se identificó como una de las más importantes causales de degradación y aumento de las reservas de carbono forestal que afectan a las formaciones vegetacionales del país.
Published:
Submitted:
Guía operativa MT5-IF2. Fortalecimiento al programa de restauración institucional
Guía operativa MT5-IF2. Fortalecimiento al programa de restauración institucional
El programa de restauración institucional se asocia a dos de las actividades principales de la ENCCRV, a la actividad Transversal y a la
actividad de Fortalecimiento de la gestión en prevención de incendios forestales y restauración de áreas quemadas, ambas destinadas a influir sobre las causales de degradación, deforestación/devegetación y no aumentos de sumideros de carbono que afectan a las formaciones vegetacionales nativas del país.
Published:
Submitted:
Guía operativa MT4. Programa de forestación y revegetación
Guía operativa MT4. Programa de forestación y revegetación
El programa de forestación y revegetación es una de las medidas de acción directas que conforman la actividad transversal de la ENCCRV, cuyo fin es influir sobre varias de las principales causales de degradación, deforestación/devegetación y no aumentos de sumideros que afectan a las formaciones vegetacionales nativas del país.
Published:
Submitted:
CBD Technical Series no.93: Voluntary guidelines for the design and effective implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and supplementary information
CBD Technical Series no.93: Voluntary guidelines for the design and effective implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and supplementary information
The report provides information on principles, safeguards, tools, and a flexible framework for planning and implementing ecosystem-based approaches, to support countries in integrating ecosystem-based approaches into their national biodiversity strategies and action plans, but also into other sectoral policies.
Published:
Submitted:
Community-Based Monitoring of Tropical Forest Crimes and Forest Resources Using Information and Communication Technology – Experiences from Prey Lang, Cambodia
Community-Based Monitoring of Tropical Forest Crimes and Forest Resources Using Information and Communication Technology – Experiences from Prey Lang, Cambodia
The use of smartphones for data collection has opened up new opportunities for communities wishing to engage in community-based monitoring. While information and communication technology (ICT) is able to systematize data collection, complex functions and observation types can present challenges for community members. ICT also may skew community participation towards young men, as they are sometimes more comfortable using smartphones.
This study investigates the success and cost-effectiveness of having local forest monitors use ICT to collect data on forest crimes and forest resources in Prey Lang, Cambodia. A workshop was held with the Prey Lang Community Network to identify the resources and illegal activities to be monitored. Guided by the community members, a smartphone app was subsequently developed and a total of 36 community members were trained in its use. We examined the extent to which the capacity of community members to collect data was dependent upon the complexity of the ICT and on their age and gender. We also assessed the costs of the monitoring program over a two-year period.
The community members were able to collect large amounts of data regardless of their gender or age. They made 10,842 entries of data on illegal logging and forest resources. Increased complexity of the app had no impact on the proportion of quality data collected. The cost of monitoring resembled other community-based monitoring programs but was notably less than for monitoring by professional foresters. Our findings suggest that local communities with little formal education are able to monitor forest crimes and forest resources cost-effectively using ICT; however, while the documentation collected was highly valuable, software and hardware maintenance, along with the digital data validation process, will continue to require external support.
Published:
Submitted:
Programa de Adaptación para la Gestión de los Recursos Vegetacionales En el marco de cambio climático, desertificación, degradación de las tierras y sequía
Programa de Adaptación para la Gestión de los Recursos Vegetacionales En el marco de cambio climático, desertificación, degradación de las tierras y sequía
Documento que da cuenta de los lineamientos y avances de la medida de acción Programa de Adaptación para la Gestión de los Recursos Vegetacionales En el marco de cambio climático, desertificación, degradación de las tierras y sequía (GA1) de la ENCCRV.
Published:
Submitted:
Gira de Campo. Proyectos de Restauración en la Región de Coquimbo con Cooperantes Internacionales y Servicios Públicos vinculados a la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV)
Gira de Campo. Proyectos de Restauración en la Región de Coquimbo con Cooperantes Internacionales y Servicios Públicos vinculados a la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV)
Documento que incorpora una descripción de todas las actividades visitadas durante la gira 2016, además del contexto en el que se circunscriben los proyectos visitados.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°19. Valorización económica de beneficios ambientales y sociales de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile
Nota Informativa N°19. Valorización económica de beneficios ambientales y sociales de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile
El documento describe la valorización económica de beneficios ambientales y sociales de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°17. Proceso de Diálogo y Participación con los Pueblos Indígenas en la formulación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile.
Nota Informativa N°17. Proceso de Diálogo y Participación con los Pueblos Indígenas en la formulación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile.
Documento que describe el Proceso de Diálogo y Participación con los Pueblos Indígenas en la formulación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile el cual incluyó a los pueblos originarios de todo el territorio de Chile continental, focalizando las zonas rurales de las diez regiones con presencia de población indígena y donde sus formas de vida y costumbres se relacionan directa e indirectamente con los
bosques y recursos vegetacionales.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°18 Restauración Hidrológica Forestal y Ambiental en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) en las Regiones del Biobío y Los Ríos.
Nota Informativa N°18 Restauración Hidrológica Forestal y Ambiental en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) en las Regiones del Biobío y Los Ríos.
Documento que describe dos proyectos de de Restauración Hidrológica Forestal y Ambiental en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) en las Regiones del Biobío y Los Ríos.
Published:
Submitted:
Reporte de Neutralidad en la Degradación de las Tierras (NDT) ante la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha Contra la Desertificación (CNULD).
Reporte de Neutralidad en la Degradación de las Tierras (NDT) ante la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha Contra la Desertificación (CNULD).
El presente informe, se desarrolla en base a este nuevo concepto y bajo el principio de mejora continua, la línea base para Chile respecto a la NDT; y se establecen las Metas que el país compromete al año 2025 al implementarse las medidas de acción dispuestas en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).
Published:
Submitted:
Citizen science tools for engaging local stakeholders and promoting local and traditional knowledge in landscape stewardship
Citizen science tools for engaging local stakeholders and promoting local and traditional knowledge in landscape stewardship
Citizen science has been proposed as one way of engaging local stakeholders in landscape stewardship (Plieninger and Bieling 2012). Citizen science encompasses a broad array of approaches in which citizens are involved in one or more aspects of assessment and monitoring of the environment (Bonney et al. 2014). In Europe, most citizen science schemes only involve community members in data collection. The design, analysis and interpretation of the assessment results are undertaken by professional researchers.
Recently, experiments have been made to involve community members in all aspects of environmental assessment and monitoring, including scheme design, data interpretation and use of the results for decision-making and action (Johnson et al. 2016). Although there are still a number of scientific questions surrounding these approaches and many schemes are still at an early stage of development, the new approaches show a great deal of promise.
A topic corresponding with citizen science is the promotion of traditional and indigenous knowledge associated with land use and landscapes (Berkes 2012). We recognise the differences between local and traditional knowledge, indigenous knowledge and knowledge generally held by citizens. Local and traditional knowledge is held by communities with longterm affiliations to specific landscapes. Indigenous knowledge also has long-term affiliations with landscape but has furthermore a specific legal status being protected under international
agreements (Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 8j). This chapter analyses the challenges and successes of three schemes that stand out from the majority, because they involve natural resource users directly in monitoring attributes central
to their livelihoods (Greenland and Finland) or because of the role of digital technology in facilitating the citizen science activities (Faroe Islands).
We begin by describing and explaining the activities and outcomes for each of the three schemes, before presenting our own cross-cutting analysis of the benefits and challenges of such approaches for engaging local stakeholders in landscape stewardship.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa 16. Diagnóstico de medios, estándares y actores involucrados en el proceso de comercialización de leña, en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV)
Nota Informativa 16. Diagnóstico de medios, estándares y actores involucrados en el proceso de comercialización de leña, en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV)
Documento que describe el diagnóstico de medios, estándares y actores involucrados en el proceso de comercialización de leña, en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) por medio de un que permita favorecer la capacidad de detección de prácticas irregulares de producción y el control de canales de comercialización informal del producto, contribuyendo a dar cumplimiento a la medida de acción US.3 Fortalecimiento al programa de dendroenergía y a la matriz energética del país de la ENCCRV.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°14. Modelo Financiero para la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025).
Nota Informativa N°14. Modelo Financiero para la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025).
El documento expone en términos generales
los elementos metodológicos y prácticos utilizados
en la construcción del Modelo Financiero que
integra la estructura de la ENCCRV con las fuentes de
financiamiento disponibles para cubrir los presupuestos
requeridos para sus distintas fases e instancias de
administración y monitoreo. Destacando que los datos
entregados deben ser constantemente actualizados,
según los avances y escenarios existentes en el marco
de los ingresos percibidos para ejecutar la ENCCRV.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°15. Proyecto de Restauración de Tierras en la Comuna de Ovalle, Región de Coquimbo en el marco de la fase de implementación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025).
Nota Informativa N°15. Proyecto de Restauración de Tierras en la Comuna de Ovalle, Región de Coquimbo en el marco de la fase de implementación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025).
El documento describe el Proyecto de Restauración de Tierras en la Comuna de Ovalle, Región de Coquimbo en el marco de la fase de implementación de la ENCCRV, el proyecto busca establecer las bases que permitan el acercamiento a un modelo de inversión para las comunidades y promover la recuperación de los equilibrios ecosistémicos en los sitios de intervención a través de diversas técnicas, la construcción de obras de conservación de suelos, exclusión de animales herbívoros exóticos, forestación y revegetación idealmente con especies nativas y además, efectuar el monitoreo de las acciones en un horizonte de mediano plazo, apoyando el logro de las Metas de Aichi 5.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°13. Sistema de Alerta Temprana (SAT) para la detección de cambios en los recursos vegetacionales de Chile
Nota Informativa N°13. Sistema de Alerta Temprana (SAT) para la detección de cambios en los recursos vegetacionales de Chile
Nota Informativa sobre el diseño implementación del Sistema de Alerta Temprana (SAT) con énfasis en cambios en la vegetación y su potencial expansión a otras aplicaciones en la gestión de distintos recursos naturales, que se vincula a la Medida de acción transversal MT.7. “Fortalecimiento de los programas de fiscalización forestal y ambiental”, especialmente en el elemento asociado a fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional de CONAF
Published:
Submitted:
Proceso de Consulta Ciudadana para Validación y Fortalecimiento de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile
Proceso de Consulta Ciudadana para Validación y Fortalecimiento de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile
Descripción del Proceso de Consulta Ciudadana on line para Validación y Fortalecimiento de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile
Published:
Submitted:
Informative Note N°10. Analysis of the condition of land tenure for supporting the implementation of the 2017-2025 National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Informative Note N°10. Analysis of the condition of land tenure for supporting the implementation of the 2017-2025 National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Analysis of the condition of land tenure for supporting the implementation of the 2017-2025 National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Published:
Submitted:
From reference levels to results reporting: REDD+ under the UNFCCC
From reference levels to results reporting: REDD+ under the UNFCCC
This publication provides a status report on progress and achievements related to the MRV of REDD+ activities, as well as an update on activities related to countries’ submissions of theirForest Reference (Emission) Levels (FRELs/FRLs). The report also summarizes experiences with the technical assessment process, as of early 2017, and offers an overview of initial REDD+ results reporting and technical analyses of those reports.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°9. Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales/Nivel de Referencia Forestal subnacional de Chile
Nota Informativa N°9. Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales/Nivel de Referencia Forestal subnacional de Chile
Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales/Nivel
de Referencia Forestal subnacional de Chile
Regiones entre el Maule y Los Lagos.
Published:
Submitted:
Informative Note N°9. Chile’s Subnational Forest Reference Emission Levels/Forest Reference Levels Regions
Informative Note N°9. Chile’s Subnational Forest Reference Emission Levels/Forest Reference Levels Regions
Chile’s Subnational Forest Reference Emission Levels/Forest Reference Levels Regions between El Maule and Los Lagos.
Published:
Submitted:
Informative Note N°7. Identification and prioritization of causes for deforestation, devegetation and degradation of vegetation resources and related issues for increasing their cover and quality
Informative Note N°7. Identification and prioritization of causes for deforestation, devegetation and degradation of vegetation resources and related issues for increasing their cover and quality
Identification and prioritization of causes for deforestation, devegetation and degradation of vegetation resources and related issues for increasing their cover and quality as foundations for the design of the action measures of the National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°8. Transversalización del Enfoque de Género en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile.
Nota Informativa N°8. Transversalización del Enfoque de Género en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile.
Transversalización del Enfoque de Género en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile.
Published:
Submitted:
Informative Note N°8. Mainstreaming of the Gender Approach in Chile’s National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Informative Note N°8. Mainstreaming of the Gender Approach in Chile’s National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Nota Informativa N°8. Mainstreaming of the Gender Approach in Chile’s National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°6. Colaboración entre la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE) y la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).
Nota Informativa N°6. Colaboración entre la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE) y la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).
Colaboración entre la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE) y la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).
Published:
Submitted:
Mapping REDD+: A visual guide to UNFCCC decisions
Mapping REDD+: A visual guide to UNFCCC decisions
Mapping REDD+: A visual guide to UNFCCC decisions, an all-inclusive resource for REDD+ negotiators, practitioners, policy makers, and funders.
REDD+ is ready for implementation, and a thorough understanding of relevant UNFCCC articles and decisions is needed to move forward and scale up action. In this comprehensive resource, we visually map the UNFCCC articles and decisions related to REDD+, and the connections between them, presenting all relevant decisions within one user-friendly document. The information is grouped into categories for easy reference regarding the subsets of REDD+ themes – such as finance, safeguards, and MRV – to ensure the highest levels of clarity and accessibility. The majority of the text is taken verbatim from official UNFCCC decisions, including citations, so readers can refer back to the original documents for additional context.
Mapping REDD+ is a complete source of the relevant articles and decisions needed to make informed and UNFCCC-compliant decisions, for anyone working within the REDD+ framework, from planning, to finance, to implementation.
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°5. Actualización del riesgo de desertificación, degradación de las tierras y sequía en Chile
Nota Informativa N°5. Actualización del riesgo de desertificación, degradación de las tierras y sequía en Chile
Actualización del riesgo de desertificación, degradación de las tierras y sequía en Chile, bajo el marco del Programa de Acción Nacional Contra la Desertificación (PANCD-Chile 2016-2030) y ENCCRV (2017-2025).
Published:
Submitted:
Informative Note N°5. Update on the Risk of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought in Chile, within the framework of the 2016-2030 National Action Program to Combat Desertification (PANCD-Chile)
Informative Note N°5. Update on the Risk of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought in Chile, within the framework of the 2016-2030 National Action Program to Combat Desertification (PANCD-Chile)
Update on the Risk of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought in Chile, within the framework of the 2016-2030 National Action Program to Combat Desertification (PANCD-Chile) and the 2017-2025 National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).
Published:
Submitted:
Can Community Members Identify Tropical Tree Species for REDD+ Carbon and Biodiversity Measurements?
Can Community Members Identify Tropical Tree Species for REDD+ Carbon and Biodiversity Measurements?
Biodiversity conservation is a required co-benefit of REDD+. Biodiversity monitoring is therefore needed, yet in most areas it will be constrained by limitations in the available human professional and financial resources. REDD+ programs that use forest plots for biomass monitoring may be able to take advantage of the same data for detecting changes in the tree diversity, using the richness and abundance of canopy trees as a proxy for biodiversity. If local community members are already assessing the above-ground biomass in a representative network of forest vegetation plots, it may require minimal further effort to collect data on the diversity of trees. We compare community members and trained scientists’ data on tree diversity in permanent vegetation plots in montane forest in Yunnan, China. We show that local community members here can collect tree diversity data of comparable quality to trained botanists, at one third the cost. Without access to herbaria, identification guides or the Internet, community members could provide the ethno-taxonomical names for 95% of 1071 trees in 60 vegetation plots. Moreover, we show that the community-led survey spent 89% of the expenses at village level as opposed to 23% of funds in the monitoring by botanists. In participatory REDD+ programs in areas where community members demonstrate great knowledge of forest trees, community-based collection of tree diversity data can be a cost-effective approach for obtaining tree diversity information.
Published:
Submitted:
Jurisdictional Approaches to Zero Deforestation Commodities
Jurisdictional Approaches to Zero Deforestation Commodities
Increasing numbers of governments, foundations, NGOs, and companies are looking to jurisdictional scale approaches as ways to help deliver sustainable and deforestation-free agricultural commodities.
Jurisdictional approaches to zero-deforestation commodities (JA-ZDCs) lie at the intersection of three existing strategies to reduce forest loss and degradation, along with improving the health and sustainability of rural and frontier economies: landscape approaches, jurisdictional approaches, and voluntary corporate sustainability efforts. These three strategies are increasingly converging.
This WWF discussion paper maps the current landscape of why, where, who, and how actors are approaching this convergence, based on more than twenty-five interviews with thought leaders in this space. We find that:
- There are at least a few dozen examples of JA-ZDCs; however, most are relatively nascent in their development
- These approaches take many different angles – including ’bottom-up‘ multi-stakeholder initiatives, global demand-side signals for commodities produced in reduced-deforestation jurisdictions, and place-based supply-side signals, e.g., in the form of jurisdictional certifications
- Though there is a mix of enthusiasm and caution about the potential of JA-ZDCs, most interviewees view them as a challenging but promising development to help drive governments and commodity businesses (especially producers) to the table to establish shared goals and pathways to achieving them
Key priorities looking forward will include continued experimentation, innovation, and knowledge sharing from early initiatives; increased opportunities for forest country governments to articulate specifically what they need from private sector actors to achieve sustainable development goals and climate targets; and increased technical work to identify how to scale and/or overlay farm- and plantation-level standards and progress in traceability with jurisdictional approaches that engage governments and incentivize land policy reform and/or implementation more broadly.
Published:
Submitted:
Integración de las observaciones por teledetección y terrestres para estimar las emisiones y absorciones de gases de efecto invernadero en los bosques: Métodos y Orientación de la Iniciativa Mundial de Observación de los Bosques, Edición 2.0
Integración de las observaciones por teledetección y terrestres para estimar las emisiones y absorciones de gases de efecto invernadero en los bosques: Métodos y Orientación de la Iniciativa Mundial de Observación de los Bosques, Edición 2.0
El MGD pretende complementar las orientaciones del IPCC, los enfoques adoptados por el Programa ONU-REDD, el programa Silvacarbon de los Estados Unidos, el FCPF del Banco Mundial y el libro de fuentes GOFC-GOLD, proporcionando asesoramiento basado en la experiencia acumulada en el uso conjunto del control remoto Sensores y datos basados en tierra, específicos de las actividades de REDD +.
Esta es la Edición 2 de la MGD. Se actualiza la Edición 1 (publicada en enero de 2014), teniendo en cuenta los desarrollos recientes incluyendo las presentaciones oficiales de nivel de referencia de REDD + a la CMNUCC, los aumentos en la disponibilidad de datos y las nuevas investigaciones.
Published:
Submitted:
Integrating remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests: Methods and Guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative. Edition 2.0.
Integrating remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests: Methods and Guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative. Edition 2.0.
The GFOI Methods and Guidance Document (MGD) aims to increase mutual understanding between REDD+ policy and technical experts and relevant science communities, to guide the collection of relevant forestry data related to REDD+, and to assist sharing of data and experiences.
The MGD aims to complement the guidance from the IPCC, the approaches taken by the UN-REDD Programme, the US Silvacarbon programme, the World Bank FCPF and the GOFC-GOLD Sourcebook by providing advice based on the accumulated experience on the joint use of remote sensing and ground-based data, specific to REDD+ activities.
This is Edition 2 of the MGD. It updates Edition 1 (published in January 2014), taking account of recent developments including official REDD+ reference level submissions to the UNFCCC, increases in data availability and new research.
Published:
Submitted:
Intégration des données de télédétection et d’observation au sol pour l’estimation des émissions et des absorptions de gaz à effet de serre dans les forêts: Méthodes et pratiques recommandées par l’Initiative mondiale pour l’observation des forêts, Versio
Intégration des données de télédétection et d’observation au sol pour l’estimation des émissions et des absorptions de gaz à effet de serre dans les forêts: Méthodes et pratiques recommandées par l’Initiative mondiale pour l’observation des forêts, Versio
Le MGD vise à compléter les orientations du GIEC, les approches adoptées par le programme ONU-REDD, le programme américain Silvacarbon, le FCPF de la Banque mondiale et le cahier de référence GOFC-GOLD en fournissant des conseils basés sur l'expérience accumulée sur l'utilisation conjointe de télécommande Détection et données terrestres, spécifiques aux activités REDD +.
Il s'agit de l'édition 2 de la MGD. Il met à jour l'édition 1 (publiée en janvier 2014), en tenant compte des développements récents, y compris des soumissions officielles de niveau de référence REDD + à la CCNUCC, des augmentations de la disponibilité des données et de nouvelles recherches.
Published:
Submitted:
CBD Technical Series no. 85: Synthesis report on experiences with ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
CBD Technical Series no. 85: Synthesis report on experiences with ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
This report has been prepared to provide a synthesis of experiences with ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, and an analysis of challenges, lessons learned and opportunities related to their design and implementation.
Published:
Submitted:
Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales / Nivel de Referencia Forestal Subnacional de Chile
Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales / Nivel de Referencia Forestal Subnacional de Chile
El NREF/NRF corresponde a la referencia para evaluar el rendimiento de los países que están implementando sus actividades REDD+, este debe caracterizar las emisiones históricas de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) y proyectarlas hacia el futuro, con la intención de medir el desempeño del enfoque de políticas asociadas a REDD+. El NREF/NRF se realizó bajo una escala subnacional, la que incluye 5 regiones del país con alta presencia de bosque nativo.
Published:
Submitted:
EFISCEN: European Forest Information scenario Model
EFISCEN: European Forest Information scenario Model
The European Forest Information SCENario Model (EFISCEN) is a large-scale forest model that projects forest resource development on regional to national scales. The model is suitable for the contemporary and future projection of forest resource and carbon balance of forest biomass and soils for a period of 50 to 60 years.
The model uses national forest inventory data as a main source of input to describe the current structure and composition of forest resources.
EFISCEN provides data on basic forest inventory data (species, area, stemwood volume, increment, mortality, age-structure), but the model includes multiple indicators related to important forest ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, biodiversity, recreation, wind and fire risk), enabling the assessment of impacts of different policy and management strategies at the national and European level.
EFISCEN has been developed by both Alterra and European Forest Institute.
Published:
Submitted:
Conserving Forests to Combat Climate Change
Conserving Forests to Combat Climate Change
In December 2015, the Paris Agreement recognized the critical role of forests in combating climate change. This recognition included actions to halt and reverse the rate of deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, which have contributed up to 20 percent of annual greenhouse gas emissions.
To assist countries in these actions, the agreement includes a framework of policies and incentives for reducing deforestation and forest degradation and increasing carbon storage in forests through conservation and sustainable management. This is known as REDD+, a mechanism that has evolved over a decade of discussions, research, and negotiations to become a key piece of the newly adopted climate architecture.
The aim of REDD+ is to halt and reverse forest cover and carbon loss in developing countries by helping countries shift to low-emissions development pathways by increasing the value of healthy forests relative to other land uses. Achieving and sustaining the objectives of REDD+ requires the transformation of economic activities within and outside of forests, often referred to as the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.
A solid understanding of REDD+ and the Paris Agreement is needed to accomplish these economic transformations and conserve forests as natural places, carbon stocks, and sustainable resources. This paper describes what REDD+ is, in a manner that is accessible to policy makers, scientists and civil society and in a form that is completely consistent with the UNFCCC decisions and agreements.
Published:
Submitted:
Lettre d'Intention (LOI)
Lettre d'Intention (LOI)
Document qui détermine les obligations des deux parties, à savoir la RDC et l'Initiative pour les Forêts de l'Afrique Centrale (CAFI), en terme de jalons à atteindre pour la RDC et des financements à assurer par CAFI pour la mise en oeuvre du Plan d'investissement National REDD+
Published:
Submitted:
Letter Of Intent (LOI)
Letter Of Intent (LOI)
Document which set the obligations for both parties, namely DRC and CAFI, in terms of milestones to be complied with by DRC and the necessary funding CAFI will have to provide for the implementation of the DRC National REDD+ Investment Plan
Published:
Submitted:
REDDcompass
REDDcompass
Progressively work through the key themes, concepts and actions of REDD+ National Forest Monitoring Systems (NFMS) for Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) gaining access to a suite of GFOI methods and guidance, space data resources, training materials and tools along the way.
Published:
Submitted:
Série de Ressources Techniques: Considérations d’ordre pratique sur la conception des systèmes d’information sur les garanties REDD+
Série de Ressources Techniques: Considérations d’ordre pratique sur la conception des systèmes d’information sur les garanties REDD+
Cette ressource technique – la première d'une nouvelle série de publications techniques consacrées à l'information pratique en matière de conception de systèmes de sauvegarde des données (SSD) conformes aux exigences de la CCNUCC – traite des questions suivantes: Qu'est-ce qu'un SSD? Comment concevoir un SSD? Quel est le coût de la mise en place et de l'exploitation d'un SSD?
Published:
Submitted:
Sistemas de información de las salvaguardas de REDD+: consideraciones prácticas de diseño
Sistemas de información de las salvaguardas de REDD+: consideraciones prácticas de diseño
Este recurso técnico, el primero de una nueva serie de publicaciones de recursos técnicos, contiene consideraciones prácticas de diseño para los sistemas de información sobre salvaguardias (SIS) en armonía con las necesidades de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y aborda las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Cómo es un SIS? ¿Cómo empiezo a diseñar uno? ¿Cuánto costará crearlo y mantenerlo en funcionamiento?
Published:
Submitted:
Les approches pays en matiere de garanties
Les approches pays en matiere de garanties
Brève introduction présentant un cadre conceptuel pour les approches par pays des sauvegardes REDD+.
Published:
Submitted:
Enfoques a nivel de pais sobre las salvaguardas
Enfoques a nivel de pais sobre las salvaguardas
Breve resumen introductorio de un marco conceptual para enfoques nacionales a las salvaguardias de REDD+.
Published:
Submitted:
Forest Reference Level Submissions under REDD+
Forest Reference Level Submissions under REDD+
EDF, TNC, UCS, and WWF’s report Forest Reference Level Submissions under REDD+: An Analysis of Submission Trends, Leading Practices, and Areas for Improvement examines the first six FRLs to be submitted to the UN – by Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Malaysia and Mexico. It provides an overview of the different approaches these countries have taken to developing their FRLs. It examines some of the shared trends, in order to identify good practices, areas for improvement and lessons learnt. And it examines how effectively they can contribute to delivering real emissions reductions.
Published:
Submitted:
REDD+ Safeguards Information Systems: Practical Design Considerations
REDD+ Safeguards Information Systems: Practical Design Considerations
First in a new line of technical resource publications, offering practical design considerations for safeguard information systems (SIS) in line with UNFCCC requirements, this technical resource addresses the following questions: What does a SIS look like? How do I go about designing one? How much will it cost to both build and to operate?
Published:
Submitted:
Country Approaches to REDD+ Safeguards: A Global Review of Initial Experiences and Emerging Lessons
Country Approaches to REDD+ Safeguards: A Global Review of Initial Experiences and Emerging Lessons
This technical resource publication presents an initial global overview of country perspectives, experiences and lessons learned that may be used to inform better safeguards processes and practices in the future.
Published:
Submitted:
REDD+ Academy Learning Journals
REDD+ Academy Learning Journals
This comprehensive REDD+ learning resource addresses 12 key topics in REDD+: Forest, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change; Understanding REDD+ and the UNFCCC; Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation; National Strategies and Action Plans; National Forest Monitoring Systems; Forest Reference Emission Levels; Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation; REDD+ Safeguards; REDD+ Finance; Approaches for Allocation of Incentives; Stakeholder Engagement; Good Governance.
Published:
Submitted:
Business Case for Mainstreaming Gender in REDD+
Business Case for Mainstreaming Gender in REDD+
Promoting a human rights-based approach to development requires UN-REDD partner institutions to ensure that their support for REDD+ promotes good practices and does not perpetuate or exacerbate existing inequalities between women and men. Toward this end, “the Business case for Mainstreaming Gender in REDD+” demonstrates why the unique role of women in protecting and managing forests— and ensuring their equal access to resources—is an important component for a more equitable, effective and efficient REDD+. Through this effort we hope to establish a greater base of evidence that will help policy-makers, practitioners and others understand the critical influence that gender-differentiated needs, uses and knowledge have on REDD+ policy and programming on the ground.
Published:
Submitted:
The Implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ by Brazil
The Implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ by Brazil
This is the complete version of the publication. It provides details about the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ and the process that Brazil went through as the first developing country to go through its implementation.
All the submissions made by Brazil to the UNFCCC are available on this publication, as well as the reports from the technical assessments by UNFCCCC LULUCF experts that verified Brazil\'s REDD+ results.
This is an important and useful resource for south-south cooperation on REDD+.
Published:
Submitted:
Note d'Information: Les approches nationales en matière de garanties : Expériences initiales et leçons émergentes
Note d'Information: Les approches nationales en matière de garanties : Expériences initiales et leçons émergentes
Note d'information du Programme ONU-REDD résumant les conclusions de la publication technique intégrale sur les approches par pays en matière de sauvegardes. Cette ressource offre une synthèse des connaissances les plus récentes sur les approches par pays en matière de sauvegardes REDD+, avec pour objectif principal de faciliter l'échange d\'informations entre pays REDD+. Les conclusions de cette première étude mondiale intègrent les résultats d'une consultation réalisée auprès de plusieurs pays ayant chacun enregistré des progrès en matière de sauvegardes.
(La version intégrale du document correspondant à cette ressource technique est disponible en ligne à l\'adresse http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&view=list&slug=technical-resources-series&Itemid=134)
Published:
Submitted:
Nota informativa: Enfoque nacionale de salvaguardas: Experiencias iniciales y lecciones emergentes
Nota informativa: Enfoque nacionale de salvaguardas: Experiencias iniciales y lecciones emergentes
Nota informativa del Programa ONU-REDD en la que se resumen las conclusiones de la publicación completa de recursos técnicos sobre los enfoques nacionales de salvaguardias. En este análisis se sintetizan los últimos conocimientos sobre enfoques nacionales respecto a las salvaguardias de REDD+, con el objetivo principal de facilitar el intercambio de información entre países de REDD+. Las conclusiones de este análisis general inicial están basadas en un proceso consultivo en el que participaron diversos países que han logrado avances en sus enfoques nacionales de salvaguardias.
(El documento completo de recursos técnicos correspondiente está disponible en línea en http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&view=list&slug=technical-resources-series&Itemid=134)
Published:
Submitted:
Document Technique: Système d’information sur les garanties : considérations d’ordre pratique sur la conception
Document Technique: Système d’information sur les garanties : considérations d’ordre pratique sur la conception
Note technique résumant la publication technique intégrale sur les considérations en matière de conception de SSD, disponible ici: http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&view=list&slug=technical-resources-series&Itemid=134
Published:
Submitted:
REDD+ Finance Flows 2009-2014: Trends and Lessons Learned in REDDX Countries
REDD+ Finance Flows 2009-2014: Trends and Lessons Learned in REDDX Countries
The study follows the money trail in 13 countries that account for 65 percent of the globe’s tropical forest cover under the U.N.’s REDD+ initiative. The research by Forest Trends’ REDDX (REDD eXpenditures) initiative covers six years from 2009 to 2014. It tracks more than $6 billion of the nearly $10 billion that has been committed or pledged to REDD+ programs globally. Key findings of the new report show that of the $3.7 billion committed, 60 percent or $2.2 billion came directly from individual donor countries. Norway, the largest donor by far, has contributed nearly half of all those funds; Germany, Japan and the United States committed a combined total of $730 million; and the U.K., Australia and France contributed most of the remainder. The private sector contributed 10 percent of all REDD+ finance commitments tracked in these 13 countries. Brazil and Indonesia together received nearly two-thirds of all funding pledged or committed. The big winner that has received the most money thus far is Brazil’s Amazon Fund, which had received $867 million from Norway by the end of 2014. Payments of promised funds have grown steadily, with 62 percent of all committed funds paid out by the end of 2014. Most of the money has gone directly to government agencies, with small amounts supporting the work of international organizations. The percentage of payments paid out to participating countries varies dramatically, from Brazil, which has received 91 percent of its promised funding, to Mexico, which has gotten only 5 percent of the money pledged to it.
Published:
Submitted:
Ecuador: Successfully positioned to implement its REDD+ Action Plan
Ecuador: Successfully positioned to implement its REDD+ Action Plan
With its REDD+ readiness capacities now in place, Ecuador is now positioned to implement its REDD+ Action Plan, which is built on the country’s commitment to fight climate change and promote sustainable rural development. Through the implementation of this plan, Ecuador will demonstrate its emissions reductions from deforestation and gain access to results-based payments.
Published:
Submitted:
Info Brief: Country Approaches to Safeguards: Initial Experiences and Emerging Lessons
Info Brief: Country Approaches to Safeguards: Initial Experiences and Emerging Lessons
UN-REDD Programme Info Brief summarizing the findings of the full Technical Resource publication on country approaches to safeguards. This review synthesizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on country approaches to REDD+ safeguards, with the primary aim of facilitating information exchange among REDD+ countries. The findings of this initial global review were informed by a consultative process engaging a number of countries who have made progress with their country approaches to safeguards.
(Full corresponding technical resource document is available online at http://www.unredd.net/index.php?view=document&alias=15044-technical-resource-series-2-country-approaches-to-redd-safeguards-a-global-review-of-initial-experiences-and-emerging-lessons&category_slug=technical-resources-series&layout=default&option=com_docman&Itemid=134)
Published:
Submitted:
Informe Técnico: Sistemas de Información de Salvaguardas (SIS): Consideraciones prácticas de diseño
Informe Técnico: Sistemas de Información de Salvaguardas (SIS): Consideraciones prácticas de diseño
Informe técnico en el que se resume la publicación completa de recursos técnicos relativa a las consideraciones prácticas de diseño de los SIS, disponible aquí: http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&view=list&slug=technical-resources-series&Itemid=134
Published:
Submitted:
Technical Brief: REDD+ Safeguards Information Systems: practical design considerations
Technical Brief: REDD+ Safeguards Information Systems: practical design considerations
Technical brief summarizing the full Technical Resource publication on SIS design considerations, available here: http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&view=list&slug=technical-resources-series&Itemid=134
Published:
Submitted:
Nota Informativa N°2. Alineación del Programa de Acción Nacional Contra la Desertificación (PANCD) de Chile con la Estrategia Decenal de la CNULD
Nota Informativa N°2. Alineación del Programa de Acción Nacional Contra la Desertificación (PANCD) de Chile con la Estrategia Decenal de la CNULD
Alineación del Programa de Acción Nacional Contra la Desertificación (PANCD) de Chile con la Estrategia Decenal de la CNULD y su vinculación con la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).
Published:
Submitted:
BOLETÍN DE POLÍTICAS: Incentivos fiscales a la producción agrícola: opciones para forjar una compatibilidad con REDD+
BOLETÍN DE POLÍTICAS: Incentivos fiscales a la producción agrícola: opciones para forjar una compatibilidad con REDD+
Este Boletín de políticas describe opciones para forjar una compatibilidad entre los incentivos fiscales a la producción agrícola y REDD+.
Published:
Submitted:
Policy Brief: Fiscal incentives for agricultural commodity production: Options to forge compatibility with REDD+
Policy Brief: Fiscal incentives for agricultural commodity production: Options to forge compatibility with REDD+
This Policy Brief outlines options for forging compatibility between fiscal incentives for agricultural commodity production and REDD+.
Published:
Submitted:
Plan National d'Investissement REDD+
Plan National d'Investissement REDD+
Cadre de programmation qui décline la mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie Nationale REDD+, en terme d'activités sectorielles, des politiques et des réformes clés, notamment avec des fiches projets qui sont présentés correspondant aux piliers de la Stratégie.
Published:
Submitted:
National REDD+ Investment Plan
National REDD+ Investment Plan
Programatic framework translating the National REDD+ Strategy into sectoral activities and key reforms, with project files related to the pilars identified in the National REDD+ Strategy
Published:
Submitted:
Practical Experiences of LAC towards the Implementation of REDD+
Practical Experiences of LAC towards the Implementation of REDD+
The exchange outlined in this report provided a framework for strengthening South-South cooperation in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region. The meeting served to clarify the links between the four pillars, and was also helpful for identifying opportunities to enhance coordination and consistency in the REDD+ preparatory processes at the national level while also promoting joint discussion with a view to studying possible solutions.
Published:
Submitted:
O nível de referência de emissões florestais do Brasil para pagamentos por resultados de redução de emissões provenientes do desmatamento no bioma Amazônia
O nível de referência de emissões florestais do Brasil para pagamentos por resultados de redução de emissões provenientes do desmatamento no bioma Amazônia
O Brasil é responsável por expressivos resultados de redução de emissões de CO
2
provenientes do desmatamento no
bioma Amazônia.
A formalização das ações nacionais de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa provenientes do desmatamento
e degradação florestal, incluindo o papel da conservação florestal, do manejo sustentável de florestas e do aumento dos
estoques de carbono florestal (REDD+) é um requisito para o reconhecimento dos resultados alcançados no âmbito da
Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (UNFCCC).
O nível de referência de emissões florestais (FREL) é o referencial a partir do qual o resultado das ações de REDD+ é medido.
A submissão do FREL por países em desenvolvimento é voluntária, sendo, porém, um dos requisitos de elegibilidade para o recebimento de pagamentos por desempenho. O Brasil foi o primeiro país a submeter um FREL para avaliação de especialistas indicados pela UNFCCC em junho de 2014, dando início à implementação do Marco de Varsóvia para REDD+. O FREL submetido pelo Brasil passou por rigoroso processo de avaliação no âmbito da UNFCCC entre agosto e novembro de 2014. Esse processo facilitativo, contribuiu para dar maior transparência à submissão e identificou também áreas onde o Brasil poderia priorizar seus esforços de desenvolvimento técnico. O Brasil espera que mais países em desenvolvimento submetam seus FRELs e que países desenvolvidos se comprometam com o pagamento por resultados, para garantir a efetiva contribuição de REDD+ para a mitigação da mudança global do clima.
Published:
Submitted:
A Multicountry Assessment of Tropical Resource Monitoring by Local Communities
A Multicountry Assessment of Tropical Resource Monitoring by Local Communities
The rapid global growth of conservation schemes designed to incentivize local communities to conserve natural resources has placed new importance on biological monitoring to assess whether agreements and targets linked to payments are being met. To evaluate competence in natural resource monitoring, we compared data on status and trends collected independently by local-community members and trained scientists for 63 taxa and five types of resource use in 34 tropical forest sites across four countries over 2.5 years. We hypothesized that the results would vary according to differences in the education and value systems of the monitors. We found that, despite considerable differences in countries, cultures, and the types of natural resources monitored, the community members and the scientists produced similar results for the status of and trends in species and natural resources. Our findings highlight the potential value of locally based natural resource monitoring for conservation decisionmaking across developing countries.
Published:
Submitted:
Linking Public Participation in Scientific Research to the Indicators and Needs of International Environmental Agreements
Linking Public Participation in Scientific Research to the Indicators and Needs of International Environmental Agreements
Different monitoring approaches collect data that can measure progress toward achieving global environmental indicators. These indicators can: (1) Audit management actions; (2) Inform policy choices; and (3) Raise awareness among the public and policy makers. We present a generic, empirically based, framework of different environmental monitoring approaches, ranging from scientist-driven to those undertaken by local people. This framework is used to assess monitoring possibilities for the Convention on Biological Diversity “2020” indicators, and those of 11 other international environmental agreements. Of the 186 indicators in these 12 environmental agreements, 69 (37%) require monitoring by professional scientists, whereas 117 (63%) can involve community members as “citizen scientists.” Promoting “community-based” and “citizen science” approaches could significantly enrich monitoring progress within global environmental conventions. It would also link environmental monitoring to awareness raising and enhanced decision-making at all levels of resource management.
Published:
Submitted:
Testing Focus Groups as a Tool for Connecting Indigenous and Local Knowledge on Abundance of Natural resources with Science-Based Land Management Systems
Testing Focus Groups as a Tool for Connecting Indigenous and Local Knowledge on Abundance of Natural resources with Science-Based Land Management Systems
One of the clearly stated intentions of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is to bring both “western scientific” and “indigenous and local” knowledge systems within synthetic global, regional, and thematic assessments. A major challenge will be how to use, and quality-assure, information derived from different knowledge systems. We test how indigenous and local knowledge on natural resources in Miskito and Mayangna communities in Nicaragua, validated through focus groups with community members, compares with information collected on line transects by trained scientists. Both provide comparable data on natural resource abundance, but focus groups are eight times cheaper. Such approaches could increase the amount and geographical scope of information available for assessments at all levels, while simultaneously empowering indigenous and local communities who generally have limited engagement in such processes.
Published:
Submitted:
Nested governance for effective REDD+: Institutional and political arguments
Nested governance for effective REDD+: Institutional and political arguments
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Forest Enhancement (REDD+) has become a central focus of global climate change mitigation efforts. Even though the international demand for forest-based carbon sequestration is the key driver of REDD+, forest protection strategies must be implemented on the ground. This cross-scale nature of REDD+ explains why scholars and policy makers increasingly favor nested governance arrangements over either fully centralized or fully decentralized REDD+ governance. The focus of the literature on nested REDD+ governance has mostly been on monitoring, reporting, and verification of carbon emission reductions across sub-national, national, and international levels. We build on Ostrom’s principle of ‘nested enterprises’ to argue that REDD+ must be designed to systematically and formally link national policy reforms with the organization and execution of sub-national (regional and local) forest conservation efforts led by forest users. We also contribute new insights on the political dimensions of nestedness in REDD+, with important roles for inter-community forestry associations and forest rights movements.
Published:
Submitted:
Community Monitoring of Carbon Stocks for REDD+: Does Accuracy and Cost Change over Time?
Community Monitoring of Carbon Stocks for REDD+: Does Accuracy and Cost Change over Time?
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+) is a potentially powerful international policy mechanism that many tropical countries are working towards implementing. Thus far, limited practical consideration has been paid to local rights to forests and forest resources in REDD+ readiness programs, beyond noting the importance of these issues. Previous studies have shown that community members can reliably and cost-effectively monitor forest biomass. At the same time, this can improve local ownership and forge important links between monitoring activities and local decision-making. Existing studies have, however, been static assessments of biomass at one point in time. REDD+ programs will require repeated surveys of biomass over extended time frames. Here, we examine trends in accuracy and costs of local forest monitoring over time. We analyse repeated measurements by community members and professional foresters of 289 plots over two years in four countries in Southeast Asia. This shows, for the first time, that with repeated measurements community members’ biomass measurements become increasingly accurate and costs decline. These findings provide additional support to available evidence that community members can play a strong role in monitoring forest biomass in the local implementation of REDD+.
Published:
Submitted:
Country Approaches to Safeguards Tool (CAST)
Country Approaches to Safeguards Tool (CAST)
The Country Approach to Safeguards Tool (CAST) provides countries with an Excel-based, interactive tool to plan and review the development of their approaches to REDD+ safeguards. CAST is designed to be voluntarily applied by REDD+ countries in order to support their planning efforts for activities related to safeguards and SIS, carried out in response to the relevant UNFCCC decisions.
Published:
Submitted:
Benefit and Risk Tool (BeRT)
Benefit and Risk Tool (BeRT)
The Benefits and Risks Tool (BeRT) supports REDD+ countries to: a) assess the social and environmental risks and benefits associated with potential REDD+ actions (also known as candidate Policies and Measures, PAMs) and b) analyse how existing policies, laws and regulations (PLRs) address the Cancun safeguards.
Published:
Submitted:
Women’s Inclusion in REDD+ in The Philippines Lessons from Good Practices in Forest, and Other Natural Resources Management Sectors
Women’s Inclusion in REDD+ in The Philippines Lessons from Good Practices in Forest, and Other Natural Resources Management Sectors
This study is a part of the Joint Initiative of the USAID-funded LEAF Project, WOCAN, and the UN-REDD Programme to investigate practical entry points for women’s inclusion in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) policies and practices. It explores the current status and
implementation of policies and practices related to gender equality in forestry and other natural resource management sectors in the Philippines, and their relation to REDD+ initiatives. An effort was made to identify the elements that prevent the inclusion of women in REDD+ in the Philippines, as well
as the factors that enable their inclusion in policies and practices. Given the emerging and unfolding
state of REDD+, an exploration of gender issues in REDD+ was tied to the overall status of women’s inclusion in the broader NRM sector. Data for this study was collected using desk reviews, key-informant interviews and field site interactions at Atimonan, Quezon. The early findings were then presented through a national dialogue for further discussion and validation, which led to identification of practical entry points and key recommendations for improving effectiveness of natural resource management and REDD+ through greater inclusion of women in forest policies and programs.
Published:
Submitted:
Guidance Note on Gender Sensitive REDD+
Guidance Note on Gender Sensitive REDD+
This note has been prepared as a guide for those involved in REDD+ efforts at the local, national, regional or global level. The overall objective is to promote gender sensitive REDD+ processes and to support UN-REDD partner countries and stakeholders in the preparation, development and implementation of gender sensitive REDD+ strategies.
Published:
Submitted:
Community Monitoring for REDD+: International Promises and Field Realities
Community Monitoring for REDD+: International Promises and Field Realities
Will community monitoring assist in delivering just and equitable REDD+? We assessed whether local communities can effectively estimate carbon stocks in some of the world’s most carbon rich forests, using simple field protocols, and we reviewed whether community monitoring exists in current REDD+ pilots. We obtained similar results for forest carbon when measured by communities and professional foresters in 289 vegetation plots in Southeast Asia. Most REDD+ monitoring schemes, however, contain no community involvement. To close the gulf between United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change texts on involving communities and field implementation realities, we propose greater embedding of community monitoring within national REDD+ pilot schemes, which we argue will lead to a more just REDD+.
Published:
Submitted:
Scoping Study of Good Practices for Strengthening Women’s Inclusion in Forest and Other Natural Resource Management Sectors
Scoping Study of Good Practices for Strengthening Women’s Inclusion in Forest and Other Natural Resource Management Sectors
This scoping report examine\'s the diversity of good practices within the forest and other land-use sectors on women’s
inclusion, with a view to draw out key enabling conditions that have facilitated women to participate and benefit from policies, institutions and practices −both formal and informal at all levels.
Published:
Submitted:
Women’s Inclusion in REDD+ in Cambodia Lessons from Good Practices in Forest, Agriculture and Other Natural Resources Management Sectors
Women’s Inclusion in REDD+ in Cambodia Lessons from Good Practices in Forest, Agriculture and Other Natural Resources Management Sectors
The study is a part of the Joint Initiative of WOCAN, the UN-REDD Programme and USAID-funded LEAF Project to investigate practical entry points for women’s inclusion in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) policies and practices. It aims to explore the current status and effectiveness of policies and practices related to gender integration in forestry, REDD+ and other natural resources management sectors in Cambodia. It analyses the current policies and practices, identifies the gaps between policies and practices, determines the factors that enable the inclusion of women in the policies and practices and identifies elements that prevent inclusion and effective implementation.
Published:
Submitted:
Reshaping conservation: the social dynamics of participatory monitoring in Tanzania’s community-managed forests
Reshaping conservation: the social dynamics of participatory monitoring in Tanzania’s community-managed forests
Drawing on a study of community-managed forest reserves in southern Tanzania, this article discusses how community members engage and shape inclusive protected area management practices to produce outcomes that were not intended by external implementers. The article shows how a participatory natural resource monitoring scheme operating in the area becomes part of the villagers’ collective and individual efforts to assert their claims to territory and resources vis-a-vis the state, other communities, and other community members. By altering the monitoring procedures in subtle ways, community members strengthen the monitoring practices to their advantage, and to some extent move them beyond the reach of government agencies and conservation and development practitioners. This has led to outcomes that are of greater social and strategic value to communities than the original ‘planned’ benefi ts, although the monitoring scheme has also to some extent become dominated by local ‘conservation elites’ who negotiate the terrain between the state and other community members. Our findings suggest that we need to move beyond simplistic assumptions of community strategies and incentives in participatory conservation and allow for more adaptive and politically explicit governance spaces in protected area management.
Published:
Submitted:
Stratégie Nationale REDD+
Stratégie Nationale REDD+
Document de référence qui identifie les moteurs directs et indirects de la déforestation et de la dégradation forestière.
Il précise la vision du Gouvernement pour un développement économique et social du pays à faible carbone, à l’horizon 2035, centrée sur 7 piliers d’intervention stratégique, dont 3 piliers sectoriels (agriculture, énergie e forêt) et 4 piliers habilitants (gouvernance, aménagement de territoire, reforme foncière et démographie)
Published:
Submitted:
Stratégie Nationale REDD+ Appendices
Stratégie Nationale REDD+ Appendices
Annexes au Document de la Stratégie Nationale REDD+
Published:
Submitted:
Sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring, measuring and reporting - COP 18 Version 1
Sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring, measuring and reporting - COP 18 Version 1
This sourcebook is the outcome of an ad-hoc REDD working group of GOFC-GOLD (Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics) that has been active since the initiation of the UNFCCC REDD process in 2005. It provides a consensus perspective from the global community of earth observation and carbon experts on methodological issues relating to quantifying carbon impacts of implementation activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries (REDD).
Published:
Submitted:
REDD-plus Libro de Recetas
REDD-plus Libro de Recetas
This Cookbook is an easy-to-understand technical manual which provide basic knowledge and techniques required for REDD-plus with the main focus on the forest carbon monitoring methods. It comprises of four parts: "Introduction", "Planning", "Technical", and "Reference Guide". "Introduction" is designed for the policy makers and their partner organizations working for the introduction of REDD-plus at national/sub-national level, "Planning" is intended for the planners and managers of REDD-plus implementing organizations/ countries working on REDD-plus at national/sub-national level, and "Technical" for the experts who work on the REDD-plus activities at national/sub-national level.
Published:
Submitted:
REDD-plus COOKBOOK
REDD-plus COOKBOOK
This Cookbook is an easy-to-understand technical manual which provide basic knowledge and techniques required for REDD-plus with the main focus on the forest carbon monitoring methods. It comprises of four parts: "Introduction", "Planning", "Technical", and "Reference Guide". "Introduction" is designed for the policy makers and their partner organizations working for the introduction of REDD-plus at national/sub-national level, "Planning" is intended for the planners and managers of REDD-plus implementing organizations/ countries working on REDD-plus at national/sub-national level, and "Technical" for the experts who work on the REDD-plus activities at national/sub-national level.
Published:
Submitted:
Taking stock of our forests- Global Forest Observations Initiative
Published:
Submitted:
Sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring, measuring and reporting
Sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring, measuring and reporting
This sourcebook is the outcome of an ad-hoc REDD working group of GOFC-GOLD (Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics) that has been active since the initiation of the UNFCCC REDD process in 2005. It provides a consensus perspective from the global community of earth observation and carbon experts on methodological issues relating to quantifying carbon impacts of implementation activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries (REDD).
The Sourcebook is now available under the Doha COP 18 Version. It is to be understood as a living document. Further methods and technical details can be specified and added with evolving political negotiations and decisions. Respective communities are invited to provide comments and feedback to evolve a more detailed and refined technical-guidelines document in the future.
Published:
Submitted:
What is needed to make REDD+ work on the ground? Lessons learned from pilot forest carbon initiatives
What is needed to make REDD+ work on the ground? Lessons learned from pilot forest carbon initiatives
In this report, Conservation International provides an in-depth analysis of 12 pilot forest carbon initiatives in which it has been involved as partner, in order to provide preliminary insights into what will be needed to make REDD+ work on the ground.
Located in nine countries throughout Asia, Latin America and Africa, these initiatives represent a broad range of geographic, socioeconomic and biophysical conditions and provide a unique opportunity to examine the challenges and opportunities of designing and implementing forest carbon initiatives in different countries.
By providing a holistic and fine-scale analysis of Conservation International’s experiences in implementing reforestation and REDD+ initiatives on the ground, this study reveals many of the real-world challenges that project managers and policy makers will likely face as they design and implement new REDD+ initiatives , and provide practical recommendations of how to enhance the chances of successful design and implementation in the field that result in the provision of climate, community and biodiversity benefits.
Published:
Submitted:
促使REDD+机制切 实发挥作用，尚有 哪些欠缺？ 由森林碳汇试点项目得 到的经验 执行纲要及建议
Published:
Submitted:
What is needed to make REDD+ work on the ground? Lessons learned from pilot forest carbon initiatives Executive Summary + Recommendations
Published:
Submitted:
¿Qué se necesita para hacer REDD+ funcionar en el campo? Lecciones aprendidas de iniciativas piloto de carbono forestal Resumen Ejecutivo + Recomendaciones
Published:
Submitted:
De quoi le mécanisme REDD+ a-t-il besoin pour fonctionner sur le terrain? Retour d’expérience d’initiatives pilotes de carbone forestier Synthèse + Recommandations
Published:
Submitted:
O que é necessário para fazer o REDD+ funcionar em campo? Lições aprendidas em iniciativas florestais de carbono Sumário Executivo + Recomendações
Published:
Submitted:
A Field Guide for Assessing and Monitoring Reduced Forest Degradation and Carbon Sequestration by Local Communities
A Field Guide for Assessing and Monitoring Reduced Forest Degradation and Carbon Sequestration by Local Communities
This document is a field manual, developed by the Kyoto: Think Global, Act Local project (K:TGAL, for more information on this project see the below web link), for the training of local organisations who would in turn train local communities to make formal forest inventories. It is a draft in progress, being updated and improved on a regular basis. Any comments or suggestions would be very welcome. Please send these to: < Verplanke@itc.nl >
Published:
Submitted:
Emissions and removals from land-use, land use change and forestry activities in a post-Kyoto regime - quantitative analysis of a framework for reducing deforestation
Published:
Submitted: