Forest reference levels and forest reference emission levels

Good practices in sample-based area estimation

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+), as well as greenhouse gas reporting for the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector, requires land use changes to be characterized to estimate the associated greenhouse gas emissions or absorptions. It is becoming increasingly common to generate these estimates using sample-based area estimation (SBAE). This technique has been widely used in recent years in the generation of activity data – particularly for estimating areas of deforestation – for REDD+ measuring, reporting and verification. However, implementing countries and agencies have repeatedly highlighted the lack of guidance on how to address certain frequently encountered issues with this approach. This paper seeks to enable donors, academia, and countries that currently use or want to use SBAE for generating activity data for REDD+ or for other national or international reporting purposes, to delve into current good practice and existing literature, as well as gain a better understanding of the most pressing research needs in the area. The paper moreover will give non-experts an overview of area estimation, as well as its applications and limitations.Published by FAO with the collaborative support of several partners in the Global Forest Observations Initiative (GFOI), the World Bank and the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the paper is expected to contribute to improved forest data.

Summary Update 2023

Summary Update report covering the period 2023

Estimating emissions and removals from forest degradation: An overview of country experience

This booklet provides an overview of the methodological options available to countries to address these challenges while collecting the emerging experience of dozens of countries that have already reported on emissions from forest degradation internationally. The authors attempt to summarize country experiences in estimating carbon stock changes from forest degradation and their methodological options.

From reference levels to results: REDD+ reporting by countries. 2022 update

This report provides an overview of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) modalities for REDD+ reporting and additional technical Measurement, Reporting and Verification requirements from different standards for accessing jurisdictional REDD+ results-based payments, focusing on REDD+ reference levels and results reported, illustrating the choices countries have made when constructing their reference levels. Beyond the Green Climate Fund results-based payments pilot programme, jurisdictional REDD+ results-based payment opportunities discussed are the Carbon Fund, the Architecture for REDD+ Transactions, and Verra's Jurisdicitonal and Nested REDD standard. This publication discusses differences between REDD+ results reported to the UNFCCC and REDD+ accounting towards receiving results-based payments, especially differences in volume: 11.5 billion tCO2eq emission reductions are reported to the UNFCCC, while 146 million tCO2eq emission reductions are reported to the Carbon Fund and the Architecture for REDD+ Transactions combined. Though ER reporting to the voluntary carbon market has only recently started and may still increase, its volume is expected to be limited. Potential limiting factors are discussed. The world’s collective progress towards achieving the Paris Agreement and its long-term goals is assessed through the global stocktake. The last part of this publication shows how some countries are using REDD+ reporting to improve their NDCs, BURs and Biennial Transparency Reports. The mitigation potential of REDD+ is discussed in the context of the global stocktake exercise.

Niveau de référence forestier national REDD+ modifié proposé par le Gabon

Le niveau de référence forestier (NRF) du Gabon sert de référence pour évaluer les performances du pays dans la mise en œuvre des cinq activités REDD+ : Réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation, réduction des émissions dues à la dégradation des forêts, Gestion durable des forêts, Conservation des stocks de carbone forestiers et Renforcement des stocks de carbone forestiers, conformément au paragraphe 70 de la décision 1/CP.16. Le NRF présente les absorptions nettes pour 2010-2018 de ces activités par rapport à la période historique 2000-2009. Le NRF du Gabon est d'envergure nationale. Le NRF du Gabon est transparent, avec une documentation claire des méthodes et des données qui sont ouvertement partagées. Elles sont complètes car toutes les données, méthodologies, procédures utilisées sont présentées et partagées pour permettre la reconstruction indépendante du NRF. Les estimations des émissions et des absorptions sont précises et comprennent l’estimation des incertitudes représentée par un intervalle de confiance de 95 %. La construction des périodes de référence historiques et du NRF est conforme aux orientations et aux directives du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC) et aux décisions 12/CP.17 et 13/CP.19 de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC).

Developing Capacity for National Forest Monitoring Systems UN-REDD Support and Innovative Solutions for Collecting, Managing and Reporting Forest Data

Forests are a crucial part of the climate solution if sustainably managed, and sustainable management requires up-to-date, unbiased, accurate and transparent information. • National forest monitoring systems (NFMS) are a foundation for national decision-making, monitoring the implementation and effects of forest policy actions, sustainable forest management, REDD+ and the enhanced transparency framework for action and support of the Paris Agreement under UNFCCC, through the provision of transparent, reliable, relevant, accessible and sustainable forest data.

10+ years of UN-REDD expertise and best practice;

10+ years of UN-REDD expertise and best practice; to the most current topics and knowledge from our broad range of Programme experts.

REDD-plus COOKBOOK by REDD Research and Development Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute of Japan (English)

This Cookbook is an easy-to-understand technical manual for policy makers, practitioners and stakeholders which provide basic knowledge and techniques required for REDD-plus with the main focus on the forest carbon monitoring methods. It comprises of four parts: "Introduction", "Planning", "Technical", and "Reference Guide". "Introduction" is designed for the policy makers and their partner organizations working for the introduction of REDD-plus at national/sub-national level, "Planning" is intended for the planners and managers of REDD-plus implementing organizations/countries working at national/sub-national level, and "Technical" for the experts who work on REDD-plus at national/sub-national level. "Reference Guide" provides additional information which is useful for users to have a better understanding of "Introduction" and "Planning".

Lao PDR Technical Assessment Report Update

1. This report covers the technical assessment (TA) of the submission of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic on its proposed forest reference emission level (FREL)/forest reference level (FRL),1 submitted on 5 January 2018 in accordance with decisions 12/CP.17 and 13/CP.19. The TA took place (as a centralized activity) from 19 to 23 March 2018 in Bonn, Germany, and was coordinated by the UNFCCC secretariat.2 The TA was conducted by two land use, land-use change and forestry experts from the UNFCCC roster of experts3 (hereinafter referred to as the assessment team (AT)): Mr. Emil Cienciala (Czechia) and Mr. Javier Fernandez (Costa Rica). In addition, Mr. Thiago de Araújo Mendes (Brazil), an expert from the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention, participated as an observer4 during the centralized activity in Bonn. The TA was coordinated by Mr. Nalin Srivastava (UNFCCC secretariat). 2. In response to the invitation of the Conference of the Parties (COP) and in accordance with the provisions of decision 12/CP.17, paragraphs 7–15, and its annex, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic submitted its proposed FREL/FRL on a voluntary basis. The proposed FREL/FRL is one of the elements5 to be developed in the implementation of the activities referred to in decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 70. The COP decided that each submission of a proposed FREL/FRL, as referred to in decision 12/CP.17, paragraph 13, shall be subject to a TA in the context of results-based payments, pursuant to decision 13/CP.19, paragraphs 1 and 2, and decision 14/CP.19, paragraphs 7 and 8. 3. The objective of the TA was to assess the degree to which the information provided by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic was in accordance with the guidelines for submissions of information on FRELs/FRLs6 and to offer a facilitative, non-intrusive, technical exchange of information on the construction of the FREL/FRL, with a view to supporting the capacity of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic for the construction and future improvement of its FREL/FRL, as appropriate.7 4. The TA of the FREL/FRL submitted by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic was undertaken in accordance with the guidelines and procedures for the TA of submissions from Parties on proposed FRELs and/or FRLs as contained in the annex to decision 13/CP.19. This report on the TA was prepared by the AT following the guidelines and procedures in the same decision. 5. Following the process contained in those guidelines and procedures, a draft version of this report was communicated to the Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The facilitative exchange during the TA allowed the Lao People’s Democratic Republic to provide clarifications and additional information, which were considered by the AT in the preparation of this report.8 As a result of the facilitative interactions with the AT during the TA, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic provided a modified version of its FREL/FRL submission on 28 May 2018, which took into consideration the technical inputs of the AT. The modifications improved the clarity and transparency of the submitted FREL/FRL, altering the approach used to construct the proposed FREL/FRL. This TA report was prepared in the context of the modified FREL/FRL submission. The modified submission, containing the assessed FREL/FRL, and the original submission are available on the UNFCCC website.

Informative Note N°9. Chile’s Subnational Forest Reference Emission Levels/Forest Reference Levels Regions

Chile’s Subnational Forest Reference Emission Levels/Forest Reference Levels Regions between El Maule and Los Lagos.

Nota Informativa N°9. Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales/Nivel de Referencia Forestal subnacional de Chile

Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales/Nivel de Referencia Forestal subnacional de Chile Regiones entre el Maule y Los Lagos.

Nota Informativa N°3. Análisis de Emisiones y Absorciones de Carbono Forestal en el Bosque Mediterráneo de Chile.

Análisis de Emisiones y Absorciones de Carbono Forestal en el Bosque Mediterráneo de Chile.

Nivel de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales / Nivel de Referencia Forestal Subnacional de Chile

El NREF/NRF corresponde a la referencia para evaluar el rendimiento de los países que están implementando sus actividades REDD+, este debe caracterizar las emisiones históricas de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) y proyectarlas hacia el futuro, con la intención de medir el desempeño del enfoque de políticas asociadas a REDD+. El NREF/NRF se realizó bajo una escala subnacional, la que incluye 5 regiones del país con alta presencia de bosque nativo.

Forest Reference Emission Level / Forest Reference Level of Native Forests in Chile

The NREF / NRF is the reference for evaluating the performance of the countries that are implementing their REDD + activities, this should characterize the historical emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) and project them into the future, with the intention of measuring the performance of the policies associated with REDD +. Inthe case of Chile the NREF / NRF was developed at subnational level.

Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) CHILE

Documento Marco de la ENCCRV el cual define el objetivo, objetivos específicos, visión, misión establecida para esta. Además, detalla el contexto nacional e internacional en materia de cambio climático y recursos vegetacionales, la propuesta técnica que incluye el detalle de las medidas de medidas de acción y presupuesto para combatir las causales de deforestación, devegetación, degradación de recursos vegetacionales y problemas asociados para aumentar su cobertura y calidad.

Official Submission of the Republic of Panama - Forest Reference Emissions Levels

Las emisiones de GEI y las absorciones de CO2 para el periodo de referencia (2006 -2015) se han estimado para las sub-categorías de uso y cambio de uso de la tierra, considerando las prácticas de gestión relacionadas con las cinco actividades REDD+. En este informe se presenta un resumen de los resultados, los cuales podrán encontrarse con mucho mayor detalle en la herramienta de cálculo denominada NRF_PANAMÁ. El balance neto para el periodo de referencia corresponde a -569, 913,347 de tCO2e (con un promedio anual neto de emisiones de -56, 991,334 tCO2e). Este último es el valor del NREF/NRF propuesto por Panamá para el periodo 2016-2025.

From reference levels to results reporting: REDD+ under the UNFCCC

This publication provides a status report on progress and achievements related to the MRV of REDD+ activities, as well as an update on activities related to countries’ submissions of theirForest Reference (Emission) Levels (FRELs/FRLs). The report also summarizes experiences with the technical assessment process, as of early 2017, and offers an overview of initial REDD+ results reporting and technical analyses of those reports.

Conservação das Florestas para Combater as Mudanças Climáticas

Em dezembro de 2015, com a assinatura do Acordo de Paris, as nações do mundo chegaram a um acordo histórico, abrangente e coletivo para combater as mudanças climáticas. O objetivo principal do acordo no âmbito da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima – CQNUMC (em inglês, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC) é manter o aumento da temperatura média global abaixo de 2° C em relação aos níveis pré-industriais, buscando esforços para que este aumento não passe de 1,5° C. O referido acordo reconhece o papel fundamental das florestas, incluindo ações para deter e reverter as taxas de desmatamento e de degradação florestal nos países em desenvolvimento, que têm contribuído com até 20% das emissões anuais de gases de efeito estufa. Para ajudar os países nessas ações, o acordo inclui uma estrutura de políticas e de incentivos para reduzir o desmatamento e a degradação florestal e aumentar o armazenamento de carbono nas florestas por meio da conservação e da gestão sustentável, o que inclui ações relacionadas ao REDD+.

Conservar los bosques para combatir el cambio climático

En diciembre del 2015, con la firma del Acuerdo de París, las naciones del mundo llegaron a un consenso sobre un enfoque histórico, colectivo y exhaustivo para combatir el cambio climático. El objetivo principal del acuerdo, conforme a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), es mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de los 2 °C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, e intentar limitar el aumento a 1.5 °C. El acuerdo reconoce el papel fundamental de los bosques y de las acciones para detener y revertir la tasa de deforestación y degradación forestal en los países en desarrollo, que han aportado hasta el 20 % de las emisiones anuales de gases de efecto invernadero. Con el fn de ayudar a los países a efectuar estas acciones, el acuerdo incluye un marco de políticas e incentivos para reducir la deforestación y la degradación forestal, y aumentar el almacenamiento de carbono en los bosques mediante la conservación y el manejo sostenible. Este marco se conoce como REDD+.

Conserver les forêts pour lutter contre le changement climatique

En décembre 2015, avec la signature de l’Accord de Paris, les pays du monde entier se sont accordés sur une approche historique, collective et complète pour lutter contre le changement climatique. Le principal objectif de l’accord, sous la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique (CCNUCC) est de maintenir la montée de la température moyenne de par le monde bien en-deçà de 2oC au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels et d’essayer de limiter l’augmentation à 1,5oC. Au sein de cet accord se trouve la reconnaissance du rôle essentiel des forêts, y compris des actions visant à arrêter la déforestation et la dégradation de la forêt et à inverser leur rythme dans les pays en développement. La déforestation et la dégradation de la forêt contribuent jusqu’à hauteur de 20% aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Pour accompagner les pays dans ces actions, l’accord inclut un cadre de politiques et d’incitations pour la réduction de la déforestation et de la dégradation de la forêt, ainsi que l’augmentation des stocks de carbone dans les forêts par le biais de la conservation et d’une gestion durable. C’est ce que l’on appelle la REDD+.

Intégration des données de télédétection et d’observation au sol pour l’estimation des émissions et des absorptions de gaz à effet de serre dans les forêts: Méthodes et pratiques recommandées par l’Initiative mondiale pour l’observation des forêts, Versio

Le MGD vise à compléter les orientations du GIEC, les approches adoptées par le programme ONU-REDD, le programme américain Silvacarbon, le FCPF de la Banque mondiale et le cahier de référence GOFC-GOLD en fournissant des conseils basés sur l'expérience accumulée sur l'utilisation conjointe de télécommande Détection et données terrestres, spécifiques aux activités REDD +. Il s'agit de l'édition 2 de la MGD. Il met à jour l'édition 1 (publiée en janvier 2014), en tenant compte des développements récents, y compris des soumissions officielles de niveau de référence REDD + à la CCNUCC, des augmentations de la disponibilité des données et de nouvelles recherches.

Integración de las observaciones por teledetección y terrestres para estimar las emisiones y absorciones de gases de efecto invernadero en los bosques: Métodos y Orientación de la Iniciativa Mundial de Observación de los Bosques, Edición 2.0

El MGD pretende complementar las orientaciones del IPCC, los enfoques adoptados por el Programa ONU-REDD, el programa Silvacarbon de los Estados Unidos, el FCPF del Banco Mundial y el libro de fuentes GOFC-GOLD, proporcionando asesoramiento basado en la experiencia acumulada en el uso conjunto del control remoto Sensores y datos basados en tierra, específicos de las actividades de REDD +. Esta es la Edición 2 de la MGD. Se actualiza la Edición 1 (publicada en enero de 2014), teniendo en cuenta los desarrollos recientes incluyendo las presentaciones oficiales de nivel de referencia de REDD + a la CMNUCC, los aumentos en la disponibilidad de datos y las nuevas investigaciones.

Integrating remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests: Methods and Guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative. Edition 2.0.

The GFOI Methods and Guidance Document (MGD) aims to increase mutual understanding between REDD+ policy and technical experts and relevant science communities, to guide the collection of relevant forestry data related to REDD+, and to assist sharing of data and experiences. The MGD aims to complement the guidance from the IPCC, the approaches taken by the UN-REDD Programme, the US Silvacarbon programme, the World Bank FCPF and the GOFC-GOLD Sourcebook by providing advice based on the accumulated experience on the joint use of remote sensing and ground-based data, specific to REDD+ activities. This is Edition 2 of the MGD. It updates Edition 1 (published in January 2014), taking account of recent developments including official REDD+ reference level submissions to the UNFCCC, increases in data availability and new research.

REDDcompass

Progressively work through the key themes, concepts and actions of REDD+ National Forest Monitoring Systems (NFMS) for Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) gaining access to a suite of GFOI methods and guidance, space data resources, training materials and tools along the way.

Mapping REDD+: A visual guide to UNFCCC decisions

Mapping REDD+: A visual guide to UNFCCC decisions, an all-inclusive resource for REDD+ negotiators, practitioners, policy makers, and funders. REDD+ is ready for implementation, and a thorough understanding of relevant UNFCCC articles and decisions is needed to move forward and scale up action. In this comprehensive resource, we visually map the UNFCCC articles and decisions related to REDD+, and the connections between them, presenting all relevant decisions within one user-friendly document. The information is grouped into categories for easy reference regarding the subsets of REDD+ themes – such as finance, safeguards, and MRV – to ensure the highest levels of clarity and accessibility. The majority of the text is taken verbatim from official UNFCCC decisions, including citations, so readers can refer back to the original documents for additional context. Mapping REDD+ is a complete source of the relevant articles and decisions needed to make informed and UNFCCC-compliant decisions, for anyone working within the REDD+ framework, from planning, to finance, to implementation.

Letter Of Intent (LOI)

Document which set the obligations for both parties, namely DRC and CAFI, in terms of milestones to be complied with by DRC and the necessary funding CAFI will have to provide for the implementation of the DRC National REDD+ Investment Plan

Lettre d'Intention (LOI)

Document qui détermine les obligations des deux parties, à savoir la RDC et l'Initiative pour les Forêts de l'Afrique Centrale (CAFI), en terme de jalons à atteindre pour la RDC et des financements à assurer par CAFI pour la mise en oeuvre du Plan d'investissement National REDD+

National REDD+ Investment Plan

Programatic framework translating the National REDD+ Strategy into sectoral activities and key reforms, with project files related to the pilars identified in the National REDD+ Strategy

Plan National d'Investissement REDD+

Cadre de programmation qui décline la mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie Nationale REDD+, en terme d'activités sectorielles, des politiques et des réformes clés, notamment avec des fiches projets qui sont présentés correspondant aux piliers de la Stratégie.

Stratégie Nationale REDD+ Appendices

Annexes au Document de la Stratégie Nationale REDD+

Stratégie Nationale REDD+

Document de référence qui identifie les moteurs directs et indirects de la déforestation et de la dégradation forestière. Il précise la vision du Gouvernement pour un développement économique et social du pays à faible carbone, à l’horizon 2035, centrée sur 7 piliers d’intervention stratégique, dont 3 piliers sectoriels (agriculture, énergie e forêt) et 4 piliers habilitants (gouvernance, aménagement de territoire, reforme foncière et démographie)

Conserving Forests to Combat Climate Change

In December 2015, the Paris Agreement recognized the critical role of forests in combating climate change. This recognition included actions to halt and reverse the rate of deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, which have contributed up to 20 percent of annual greenhouse gas emissions. To assist countries in these actions, the agreement includes a framework of policies and incentives for reducing deforestation and forest degradation and increasing carbon storage in forests through conservation and sustainable management. This is known as REDD+, a mechanism that has evolved over a decade of discussions, research, and negotiations to become a key piece of the newly adopted climate architecture. The aim of REDD+ is to halt and reverse forest cover and carbon loss in developing countries by helping countries shift to low-emissions development pathways by increasing the value of healthy forests relative to other land uses. Achieving and sustaining the objectives of REDD+ requires the transformation of economic activities within and outside of forests, often referred to as the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. A solid understanding of REDD+ and the Paris Agreement is needed to accomplish these economic transformations and conserve forests as natural places, carbon stocks, and sustainable resources. This paper describes what REDD+ is, in a manner that is accessible to policy makers, scientists and civil society and in a form that is completely consistent with the UNFCCC decisions and agreements.

Lessons Learned and Recommendations from Early UNFCCC REDD+ Reference Levels Submissions

Produced in partnership with Environmental Defense Fund, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, The Nature Conservancy, and Union of Concerned Scientists, this paper presents lessons learned and best practice recommendations from an unprecedented workshop convening of two groups of experts: 1) those from REDD+ countries who were involved in creating FRLs/FRELs, and 2) those who had served as members of the Technical Team of Experts performing technical analysis of REDD+ results. Forest Reference Levels/Forest Reference Emissions Levels (FRLs/FRELs) are critical to the policy framework for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), and provide the benchmark against which countries measure their results from REDD+ implementation. FRLs/FRELs are still incipient, and REDD+ countries and technical assessors are still in a learning-by-doing process, generating valuable lessons that are worth sharing.

EFISCEN: European Forest Information scenario Model

The European Forest Information SCENario Model (EFISCEN) is a large-scale forest model that projects forest resource development on regional to national scales. The model is suitable for the contemporary and future projection of forest resource and carbon balance of forest biomass and soils for a period of 50 to 60 years. The model uses national forest inventory data as a main source of input to describe the current structure and composition of forest resources. EFISCEN provides data on basic forest inventory data (species, area, stemwood volume, increment, mortality, age-structure), but the model includes multiple indicators related to important forest ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, biodiversity, recreation, wind and fire risk), enabling the assessment of impacts of different policy and management strategies at the national and European level. EFISCEN has been developed by both Alterra and European Forest Institute.

REDD+ Academy Learning Journals

This comprehensive REDD+ learning resource addresses 12 key topics in REDD+: Forest, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change; Understanding REDD+ and the UNFCCC; Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation; National Strategies and Action Plans; National Forest Monitoring Systems; Forest Reference Emission Levels; Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation; REDD+ Safeguards; REDD+ Finance; Approaches for Allocation of Incentives; Stakeholder Engagement; Good Governance.

Forest Reference Level Submissions under REDD+

EDF, TNC, UCS, and WWF’s report Forest Reference Level Submissions under REDD+: An Analysis of Submission Trends, Leading Practices, and Areas for Improvement examines the first six FRLs to be submitted to the UN – by Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Malaysia and Mexico. It provides an overview of the different approaches these countries have taken to developing their FRLs. It examines some of the shared trends, in order to identify good practices, areas for improvement and lessons learnt. And it examines how effectively they can contribute to delivering real emissions reductions.

PROYECTO DE DOCUMENTO DE EXPECTATIVAS DE LA COP 21 DE PARÍS

La Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2015 (COP21) es un momento fundamental. Los gobiernos han fijado diciembre de 2015 como plazo para ponerse de acuerdo sobre un nuevo régimen climático para después de 2020.

PROJET DE DOCUMENT SUR LES ATTENTES DE LA COP 21 DE PARIS

La conférence de l’ONU sur le changement climatique de 2015 qui se tiendra à Paris (COP21) est un moment charnière. Les États se sont fixé comme date limite décembre 2015 pour s’accorder sur un nouveau régime climat pour la période après 2020.

Expectations Paper COP21 Paris

The 2015 UN climate change conference in Paris (COP21) is a pivotal moment. Governments have set December 2015 as the deadline to agree on a new climate regime for 2020 onwards. This deal must give the world a fighting chance to avoid dangerous global temperature rises. Such an agreement needs to be fair, ambitious, and transformational. At the same time, COP21 provides an opportunity to showcase efforts that countries, the private sector, and civil society are making to combat climate change – and to accelerate and scale up these actions.

The Implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ by Brazil

This is the complete version of the publication. It provides details about the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ and the process that Brazil went through as the first developing country to go through its implementation. All the submissions made by Brazil to the UNFCCC are available on this publication, as well as the reports from the technical assessments by UNFCCCC LULUCF experts that verified Brazil\'s REDD+ results. This is an important and useful resource for south-south cooperation on REDD+.

O nível de referência de emissões florestais do Brasil para pagamentos por resultados de redução de emissões provenientes do desmatamento no bioma Amazônia

O Brasil é responsável por expressivos resultados de redução de emissões de CO 2 provenientes do desmatamento no bioma Amazônia. ™ A formalização das ações nacionais de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa provenientes do desmatamento e degradação florestal, incluindo o papel da conservação florestal, do manejo sustentável de florestas e do aumento dos estoques de carbono florestal (REDD+) é um requisito para o reconhecimento dos resultados alcançados no âmbito da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (UNFCCC). ™ O nível de referência de emissões florestais (FREL) é o referencial a partir do qual o resultado das ações de REDD+ é medido. ™ A submissão do FREL por países em desenvolvimento é voluntária, sendo, porém, um dos requisitos de elegibilidade para o recebimento de pagamentos por desempenho. O Brasil foi o primeiro país a submeter um FREL para avaliação de especialistas indicados pela UNFCCC em junho de 2014, dando início à implementação do Marco de Varsóvia para REDD+. O FREL submetido pelo Brasil passou por rigoroso processo de avaliação no âmbito da UNFCCC entre agosto e novembro de 2014. Esse processo facilitativo, contribuiu para dar maior transparência à submissão e identificou também áreas onde o Brasil poderia priorizar seus esforços de desenvolvimento técnico. O Brasil espera que mais países em desenvolvimento submetam seus FRELs e que países desenvolvidos se comprometam com o pagamento por resultados, para garantir a efetiva contribuição de REDD+ para a mitigação da mudança global do clima.

The Implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ by Brazil

Brazil was the first country to submit a forest reference emission level for results based payments to the UNFCCC. This submission has triggered the implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+.

Compromisos forestales de Chile para enfrentar el cambio climático y consideraciones generales para la transferencia de derechos de carbono

Forests and Climate Change after Lima: An Asia-Pacific Perspective

Technical considerations for Forest Reference Emission Level and/or Forest Reference Level construction for REDD+ under the UNFCCC

The aim of this document is to support countries seeking to develop a REDD+ Forest Reference Emission Level and/or Forest Reference Level (FREL/FRL) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The document provides a structural overview of UNFCCC decisions related to FREL/FRLs, summarizing the guidance provided through these decisions and translating it into elements countries need to consider in a FREL/FRL submission to the UNFCCC.

Considérations techniques relatives à l’établissement de niveaux d’émissions de référence pour les forêts et/ou niveaux de référence pour les forêts dans le contexte de la REDD+ au titre de la CCNUCC

Consideraciones técnicas para la elaboración de Niveles de referencia de emisiones forestales/Niveles de referencia forestales en el marco de la CMNUCC

Decisiones de REDD+ en la CoP19: Alcances en la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile

Early Lessons from Jurisdictional REDD+ and Low Emissions Development Programs

The report features eight REDD+/LED programs worldwide designed to reduce forest-related emissions, and will serve as a resource for practitioners, forest country governments, donors and others working to advance jurisdictional models at a large landscape scale.

Emerging approaches to Forest Reference Emission Levels and/or Forest Reference Levels for REDD+

This publication summarizes Forest Reference Level construction approaches developed by Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, the DRC, Ghana, Guyana, Mexico, Nepal, the RoC and Vietnam; the publication hopes other countries can learn from and get inspired by these pilots in FRL development. The FRLs in the publication are developed for demonstration activities but the Annex to the document also reports on UNFCCC submissions (Publication is intended to be updated with future submissions).

Climate Change, Forests, and You

Forests and Climate Change after Doha: An Asia-Pacific Perspective

The REDD+ Energy and Agriculture Programme

Submission to the UNFCCC on addressing the drivers of deforestation

Submission to the UNFCCC on REDD+ methodological guidance

Report on common approaches for reference levels

Governing the Forests: An Institutional Analysis of REDD+ and Community Forest Management in Asia

Tropical forests and climate change

Wood product accounting and climate change mitigation projects involving tropical timber

Work plan for accounting methodology development for wood products in climate change mitigation projects involving tropical timber

ITTO’s Thematic Programmes brochure

REDD+ Forest conservation in developing countries

Opportunities for achieving biodiversity conservation through REDD

The United Nations climate negotiations on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) provide a rare opportunity for conservation of tropical forests and biodiversity. Here, we explore the implications of REDD design and implementation options on biodiversity conservation and ways to link REDD with biodiversity conservation. From both a mitigation and biodiversity perspective, the most important immediate steps are to ensure that REDD is included in the new global climate agreement and maximizes the area of tropical forest conserved. It may also be possible to include guidelines or incentives within a REDD framework or in national implementation to channel funding to areas of high biodiversity. However, if the immediate steps above are not taken first, REDD will reach neither its mitigation nor its biodiversity conservation potential.

REDD+ reference level submission and technical assessment

Sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring, measuring and reporting - COP 18 Version 1

This sourcebook is the outcome of an ad-hoc REDD working group of GOFC-GOLD (Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics) that has been active since the initiation of the UNFCCC REDD process in 2005. It provides a consensus perspective from the global community of earth observation and carbon experts on methodological issues relating to quantifying carbon impacts of implementation activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries (REDD).

Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation – a Synthesis Report for REDD+ Policymakers

Statement from the safeguards working group delivered at SBSTA 37

Working together to get forest measurement right: A solution for REDD+

Summary Madre de Dios Amazon REDD Project

Madre de Dios Amazon Project has been developed by Greenoxx NGO, who also financed an important part of the project and will exclusively commercialize it.

Taking stock of our forests- Global Forest Observations Initiative

Guidelines for REDD+ Reference Levels

Modalities for REDD+ Reference Levels

Establishing Efficient, Equitable, and Environmentally Sound Reference Emissions Levels for REDD+: A Stock-Flow Approach

A “stock-flow” approach to reference emissions levels for REDD+ is a simple and workable option for establishing environmentally sound, efficient, and equitable incentives to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. It meets the needs of a broad set of Parties and therefore might be broadly acceptable in UNFCCC negotiations on reference levels. Further, the “stock-flow” approach offers a structured path for negotiations that avoids political gaming at the expense of environmental integrity. Countries that reduce their flow of emissions from deforestation and degradation below a historical reference emissions level would be eligible for payments as part of the results-based (or “third”) phase of REDD+. This might include market, market-linked, and non-market sources. A portion of payments for emissions reductions would be put into a “stabilization fund” that would re-allocate payments to countries based on forest carbon stocks. This approach would provide balanced incentive payments to conserve forests in both historically high- and low-deforestation countries, while maintaining a level of environmental integrity necessary for progress towards global REDD+ goals.

Using carbon as a funding mechanism for conservation; Is REDD+ right for you? An introductory Guide (World Land Trust/ IUCN NL)

This report collates the main outcomes which hopefully will be of use to African NGOs and to a wider audience. The report provides introductions to key issues that we discussed and aims to condense the most useful outcomes from two workshops held in Africa in 2010, focusing on key points raised, questions, barriers and lessons learned from both the trainers and participants’ experiences. One of the key outcomes from these workshops was the realisation of the commitments required from a NGO to fully engage in a REDD+ project and that it is not necessarily suitable for everyone in their present capacity. So how does an organisation know if it is ready to tackle a REDD+ project? What sort of questions do they need to ask themselves? And if they’re not ready, what alternatives are there to help prepare for future engagement?

Methodology for estimating reductions of greenhouse gases emissions from frontier deforestation

The Amazonas Sustainable Foundation is a public-private, independent and non-profit, non-governmental institution of public interest and without political party connections. It was founded in December, 2007, by the Amazonas State Government and the Bradesco Bank, according to its bylaws, approved by the State Public Ministry, in the title recorded at civil registry, according to federal and state laws.

Workshop on biodiversity benefits of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries

A global expert workshop on biodiversity benefits of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD), co-organized by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the UN REDD Programme, was held in Nairobi from 20-23 September 2010. The workshop report and all presentations are now available from the CBD website.

The Democratic Republic of Congo's REDD+ Potential - Study by the Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Tourism, DRC

Readiness Plan for REDD (R-PP draft) by the DRC for the period 2010-2012

Groupe de Travail Climat REDD (GTCR) de la société civile de la République Democratique du Congo - Communiqué de presse sur la mission UN-REDD et FCPF

Coordination Nationale REDD de la République Démocratique du Congo - Rapport des ateliers de pré-validation et de validation de la RPP

Le processus REDD+ en RDC - État d'avancement, organes de gestion et contraintes majeures, presentation

La RDC face au défi REDD+ - État d'avancement de l'ONU-REDD en RDC, presentation at side event: developpement de l'initiative REDD en Afrique Centrale, COP 15 at Copenhagen

Les négociations internationales pour la lutte contre le changement climatique, présentation

Analyse exploratoire du potentiel REDD+ de la RDC, présentation

La RDC face au défi REDD+ - État d'avancement de l'ONU-REDD en RDC, presentation at side event: developpement de l'initiative REDD en Afrique Centrale, COP 15 at Copenhagen

ABC REDD - Comprendre REDD et ses enjeux, Réseau Ressources Naturelles (RRN), Dynamique des Groupes des Peuples Autochtones (DGPA)

Vietnam: Why REDD+ Needs Local People

REDD-plus & Biodiversity e-Newsletter Volume 8

Terms of Reference for Developing Capacities for a National Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System to support REDD+ participation of Guyana

The Government of Guyana has embarked on a national programme that aims to protect and maintain its forests in an effort to reduce global carbon emissions and at the same time attract resources to foster growth and development along a low carbon emissions path. The cooperation between the Governments of Norway and Guyana expresses a willingness to work together to provide the world with a relevant, replicable model for how REDD+ can align the development objectives of forest countries with the world's need to combat climate change. The initiative will require the development of capacities for MRV of forest carbon stocks and changes. As an initial step to the implementation of a MRV system for Guyana, a road map for the development of a MRV system for REDD+ participation for Guyana was designed, following a stakeholder participation session. The development of such a road map considered several aspects that were elaborated in a facilitation process and used in the preparation of Terms of Reference for developing a REDD MRV system.

Investing in REDD-plus, Executive summary of The Forest Dialogue consensus

Invirtiendo en REDD-plus, Resumen del Consenso del Diálogo Forestal

Investir dans la REDD-plus, Résumé du consensus atteint par The Forest Dialogue

The History of REDD policy - Kyoto to Copenhagen

A comprehensive summary of the history of REDD policy, from its roots in the Kyoto Protocol, December 1997, to the final meetings of the AWG-LCA and SBSTA before COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009. The white paper discusses the genesis of REDD policy and provides an overview of major turning points in the key issues of contention in international REDD policy: -The scope of the definition of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation; -Carbon Accounting for REDD - Measurement, Reporting and Verification; -The rights of Indigenous People; -Financing options for REDD; -Institutional arrangements - Should REDD be a NAMA or project based.

The Little REDD+ Book

An updated guide to governmental and non-governmental proposals for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation.

Guidelines and eligibility criteria for REDD on biodiversity and on Indigenous Peoples and local communities

This paper by Pro Natura - Friends of the Earth Switzerland considers REDD and suggests guidelines as well as eligibility criteria with regard to biodiversity, indigenous peoples and local communities. For more information contact Friedrich Wulf at < friedrich.wulf@pronatura.ch >

Methodology for Estimating Reductions of GHG Emissions from Mosaic Deforestation

The methodology is for estimating and monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of project activities that reduce mosaic deforestation. Carbon stock enhancement of degraded and secondary forests that would be deforested in absence of the RED project activity is also included in this methodology. The underlying conceptual approach of this methodology is based on drafts of the AFOLU Guidance Document of the Voluntary Carbon Standard. The methodologies is currently being used by a number of projects around the world, including the Madagascar Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor Project.

Comparing REDD mechanism design options with an open source economic model

This manuscript in review contains a full description of the OSIRIS model and research comparing a broad range of REDD reference level design options. This research finds that: REDD can be an effective and efficient source of emissions reductions; Extending REDD incentives to countries with historically low deforestation rates through higher-than-historical reference levels can prevent leakage to those countries, making the REDD mechanism more effective overall. This research is a product of the Collaborative Modeling Initiative on REDD Economics, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Environmental Defense Fund, the Woods Hole Research Center, the Terrestrial Carbon Group, and the University of East Anglia. For any questions on this manuscript, contact its lead author Jonah Busch: < jbusch@conservation.org > The analysis was generated with an economic model \"OSIRIS\", which is freely available on < http://www.conservation.org/osiris >, enabling any interested party or individual to model the emissions reductions and financial implications of different REDD reference level options.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD): An Options Assessment Report

A report prepared for the Government of Norway by the Meridian Institute assesses several important considerations for a future REDD mechanism under the UNFCCC, and strives to clarify and inform some of the critical choices that will need to be made about including REDD in a Copenhagen agreement. For more information and different language versions of the report, visit the REDD-OAR website.

Implications of REDD baseline methods for different country circumstances during an initial performance period

A paper submitted by Rane Cortez, on behalf of The Nature Conservancy. This paper compares the outcomes of seven proposed approaches to determine national baselines for measuring REDD (Compensated Reductions, Joint Research Center, Corridor Approach (V1 and V2), Combined Incentives, Stock-Flow, Terrestrial Carbon Group) as a function of country circumstances, using a retrospective analysis of FAO National Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) forest carbon emissions data. For more information contact Bronson Griscom, Forest Carbon Scientist, at: < bgriscom@tnc.org >

REDD-plus & Biodiversity e-Newsletter Volume 2

Le Petit Livre Rouge du REDD

The Little REDD Book is a non-partisan guide to governmental and non-governmental proposals for REDD, published by the Global Canopy Programme (GCP). The book, which has been compiled in collaboration with the Prince's Rainforest Project and other key forest stakeholders, presents thirty-three REDD proposals in a simple, non-technical language. For more information on the Little REDD Book or on the GCP, contact Charlie Parker: < c.parker@globalcanopy.org > The Little REDD Book has recently been updated and the third edition of the book is now available. Other language versions of the book in Bahasa Indonesia, French , Portuguese, Spanish and Mandarin are available at: < www.littleREDDbook.org >

Info Brief: Measuring and monitoring forest degradation for REDD: Implications of country circumstances

Moving ahead with REDD: Issues, options and implications

Info Brief: The role of REDD in stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations: Lessons from economic models

The Little REDD Book Third Edition

The Little REDD Book is a non-partisan guide to governmental and non-governmental proposals for REDD, published by the Global Canopy Programme (GCP). The book, which has been compiled in collaboration with the Prince's Rainforest Project and other key forest stakeholders, presents thirty-three REDD proposals in a simple, non-technical language. For more information on the Little REDD Book or on the GCP, contact Charlie Parker: < c.parker@globalcanopy.org > The Little REDD Book has recently been updated and the third edition of the book is now available. Other language versions of the book in Bahasa Indonesia, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Mandarin are available at: < www.littleREDDbook.org >

Financing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation: Issues in Design and Implementation

The OECD in Paris, France, under the auspices of the Annex I Expert Group (AIXG) on the UNFCCC, has elaborated the following three documents on REDD: -Financing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation: Issues in Design and Implementation -Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico -Initial Review of Policies and Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation The OECD also convened a workshop on 26 March 2008 on Incentives to Capture the Carbon and Biodiversity for Reducing Deforestation: Linkages, Synergies and Limitations. Links to the workshop agenda, all presentations and the Chair's summary are available at: < www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity >; For more information on the OECD work on REDD, contact Katia Karousakis at: < katia.karousakis@oecd.org >

Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico

The OECD in Paris, France, under the auspices of the Annex I Expert Group (AIXG) on the UNFCCC, has elaborated the following three documents on REDD: -Financing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation: Issues in Design and Implementation -Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico -Initial Review of Policies and Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation The OECD also convened a workshop on 26 March 2008 on Incentives to Capture the Carbon and Biodiversity for Reducing Deforestation: Linkages, Synergies and Limitations. Links to the workshop agenda, all presentations and the Chair's summary are available at: < www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity >; For more information on the OECD work on REDD, contact Katia Karousakis at: < katia.karousakis@oecd.org >

Initial Review of Policies and Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation

The OECD in Paris, France, under the auspices of the Annex I Expert Group (AIXG) on the UNFCCC, has elaborated the following three documents on REDD: -Financing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation: Issues in Design and Implementation -Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico -Initial Review of Policies and Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation The OECD also convened a workshop on 26 March 2008 on Incentives to Capture the Carbon and Biodiversity for Reducing Deforestation: Linkages, Synergies and Limitations. Links to the workshop agenda, all presentations and the Chair's summary are available at: < www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity >; For more information on the OECD work on REDD, contact Katia Karousakis at: < katia.karousakis@oecd.org >

Identifying optimal areas for REDD intervention: East Kalimantan, Indonesia as a case study

A paper by Nancy Harris, Silvia Petrova, Fred Stolle and Sandra Brown. On behalf of Winrock International, this paper was submitted by Nancy Harris. For more information, contact Nancy Harris at < NHarris@winrock.org >

Emissions and removals from land-use, land use change and forestry activities in a post-Kyoto regime - quantitative analysis of a framework for reducing deforestation

The Juma Sustainable Development Reserve Project: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation in the State of Amazonas, Brazil

The Amazonas Sustainable Foundation is a public-private, independent and non-profit, non-governmental institution of public interest and without political party connections. It was founded in December, 2007, by the Amazonas State Government and the Bradesco Bank, according to its bylaws, approved by the State Public Ministry, in the title recorded at civil registry, according to federal and state laws.

CCBA (Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance) validation report

International Forest Carbon Initiative (IFCI)

The international community agreed in Bali that action must be taken now to address deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and to establish the necessary systems and financial mechanisms to ensure long term emission reductions. The International Forest Carbon Initiative is Australia's contribution to this global effort. The International Forest Carbon Initiative is a key part of Australia\'s international leadership on reducing emissions from deforestation. The Initiative will support international efforts to reduce deforestation through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It aims to demonstrate that reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation can be part of an equitable and effective international agreement on climate change. A central element of the Initiative is its focus on developing practical demonstration activities in our region, particularly in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Australia has signed Forest Carbon Partnerships with both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea under the Initiative.

Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality

A peer-reviewed paper submitted by Mr. John O. Niles, on behalf of the Tropical Forest Group, addresses the issues of monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks. The paper has tabular information with multiple estimates of total forest carbon stocks for many developing countries. The IPCC guidelines (Tier 1) are used for one of the models, but the authors also use other models.