Financing

Cadre National d’Investissement REDD+ 2020-2025 de la RCA

Le présent Cadre National d’Investissement REDD+ (CNI-REDD+) de la RCA est un outil d’opérationnalisation de la stratégie REDD+ qui vise à coordonner et mobiliser des financements dans ce cadre sur une première période de mise en oeuvre allant de 2020 à 2025. La stratégie nationale REDD+ étant toujours en cours d’élaboration, ce travail a notamment permis d’identifier les mesures prioritaires à mettre en oeuvre sur cette première période de 5 ans au travers de la méthode de la Théorie du Changement. Celles-ci seront reprises dans le cadre de la Stratégie Nationale REDD+ qui portera sur un horizon plus étendu.

SIMFlor Programme

The SIMFlor Programme objective is to promote the implementation of the Brazilian Forest Code, acquiring the rights to Forest Reserve Credits (CRAs) from landholdings that have native vegetation exceeding the minimum area required by the Code (Excess Legal Reserve - ELR), creating an incentive to conserve natural forest, reduce deforestation and protect existing biodiversity. The programme has already secured R$ 1 billion Reais for the implementation of the Forest Code, with an initial focus on the Brazilian Amazon. This will enable the conservation of 500,000 ha of native vegetation (of which, 100,000 ha of excess legal reserve that can be legally deforested) and store 300 MtCO2e in these areas (of which 60 MtCO2e in areas of excess legal reserves). Providing that a landholding meets the Eligibility Criteria of the programme, any landowner can apply for participation in the programme.

Eligibility Requirements for REDD+ Standards and Finance

This paper provides an overview of six REDD+ standards, as well as the sources of finance for which they are eligible. Although there are additional carbon credit standards, we focus exclusively on standards with REDD+ methodologies and with an available source of finance.

Lessons learned from technical assistance on economic valuation, business analytics and mobilizing public and private finance

The UN-REDD Programme has supported many partner countries by conducting analyses that highlight the ways in which protecting, restoring and sustainably using forests contributes to the transition towards a green economy. A second area of work is centred on supporting partner countries through private sector engagement and the ways in which actions can be financed under the REDD+ mechanism in practice. The crosscutting topic of private sector engagement in the UN-REDD Programme is of particular relevance, given that most tropical deforestation and forest degradation is directly or indirectly caused by private individuals and entities, including farmers and companies of all sizes that produce, process and trade timber and agricultural commodities such as soy, palm oil, coffee, rubber, cocoa and beef cattle. Charcoal production and slashand-burn activities to meet subsistence needs also contribute to deforestation and forest degradation.

10+ years of UN-REDD expertise and best practice;

10+ years of UN-REDD expertise and best practice; to the most current topics and knowledge from our broad range of Programme experts.

National funding mechanisms for REDD+: lessons learned and success factors

• Funding mechanisms for REDD+ are the governance structures that countries put in place to gain access to and channel funding towards the policies and measures on the ground that address the drivers of deforestation. • Sources of private finance, including voluntary carbon markets, are playing an increasing role in leveraging public funds to support REDD+ implementation.

Nota Informativa N°31. Análisis para un diseño de esquemas de Pagos por Servicios Ambientales para Chile.

El documento describe el Análisis para un diseño de esquemas de Pagos por Servicios Ambientales para Chile. La presente Nota se ha estructurado en ocho acápites principales. Los tres primeros son la introducción, los conceptos esenciales y los aspectos metodológicos. El cuarto se refiere a los esquemas de PSA en Chile, el siguiente la gobernanza y el sexto sobre la operatividad. El séptimo son los arreglos financieros. Finalmente, los comentarios.

Nota Informativa N°28. Análisis de factibilidad de mecanismos financieros para apoyar la implementación de las medidas de acción de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).

El documento describe el Análisis de factibilidad de mecanismos financieros para apoyar la implementación de las medidas de acción de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV). Con la finalidad de fortalecer los análisis, el presente trabajo se realizó en estrecha coordinación con la inversión, la innovación y el emprendimiento, fortaleciendo, además, el capital humano y las capacidades tecnológicas para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible y territorialmente equilibrado.

Sistema de Distribución de Beneficios (SDB) de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile. Para la fase de Pago por Resultados bajo el enfoque de REDD+

El documento da cuenta de los antecedentes que se han considerado para diseñar el Sistema de Distribución de Beneficios (SDB) para la ENCCRV. Esta Estrategia aborda el enfoque REDD+ promovido por la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) a través de sus decisiones, y que busca reducir las emisiones de carbono forestal producidas por deforestación y degradación forestal, y fomentar actividades que permitan aumentar la absorción de carbono forestal en el país

Economic and Financial Challenges to Scaling Up Sustainable Cocoa Production in Côte d'Ivoire - Executive Summary

Agroforestry can play a key role in addressing the critical situation of Ivorian forests. It would also ensure the future of cocoa farming, a key sector of the country’s economy. To that end, a national agroforestry definition including quantitative elements is needed to guide investments consistently with national policy objectives. It would also harmonize socio-economic and environmental objectives. This study highlights several elements that can guide the development of this definition. The latter should consider the factors that influence cocoa yields in the arbitration between environmental and economic costs and benefits for the different actors in the cocoa value chain.

Forest Resilience Finance. Opportunities & Challenges.

Helping Forests Adapt to Climate Change.

Supporting Development of National Forest Financing Strategies: Infographic.

REDD+ and sustainable forest management: financing and possible synergies. Infographic.

Supporting Development of National Forest Financing Strategies: Key messages

REDD+ and sustainable forest management: financing and possible synergies. Key messages.

Supporting Development of National Forest Financing Strategies: Information Brief

REDD+ and sustainable forest management: financing and potential synergies - Information Brief

Best Practices in Governance and Biodiversity Safeguards for REDD+

Policy Brief

Towards Building a Governance Framework for REDD+ Financing

Policy Brief

Nota Informativa N°19. Valorización económica de beneficios ambientales y sociales de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile

El documento describe la valorización económica de beneficios ambientales y sociales de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) (2017-2025) de Chile

Informative Note N° 11. Chile-Mexico Binational Cooperation Project regarding forests and climate change

Summary of the activities developed during the Chile-Mexico Binational Cooperation Project regarding forests and climate change

Informative Note N°10. Analysis of the condition of land tenure for supporting the implementation of the 2017-2025 National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).

Analysis of the condition of land tenure for supporting the implementation of the 2017-2025 National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV).

Nota Informativa N°6. Colaboración entre la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE) y la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).

Colaboración entre la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE) y la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV).

Nota Informativa N°4. Cooperaciones internacionales en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile:

Cooperaciones internacionales en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales (ENCCRV) de Chile: Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal (FCPF); Programa de las Naciones Unidas para REDD+ (ONU-REDD) y la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE).

Manual de Procedimientos Administrativos y Financieros

Aportes administrados como fondos de terceros a la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y Recursos Vegetacionales 2017-2025 (ENCCRV) de Chile

Conservação das Florestas para Combater as Mudanças Climáticas

Em dezembro de 2015, com a assinatura do Acordo de Paris, as nações do mundo chegaram a um acordo histórico, abrangente e coletivo para combater as mudanças climáticas. O objetivo principal do acordo no âmbito da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima – CQNUMC (em inglês, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC) é manter o aumento da temperatura média global abaixo de 2° C em relação aos níveis pré-industriais, buscando esforços para que este aumento não passe de 1,5° C. O referido acordo reconhece o papel fundamental das florestas, incluindo ações para deter e reverter as taxas de desmatamento e de degradação florestal nos países em desenvolvimento, que têm contribuído com até 20% das emissões anuais de gases de efeito estufa. Para ajudar os países nessas ações, o acordo inclui uma estrutura de políticas e de incentivos para reduzir o desmatamento e a degradação florestal e aumentar o armazenamento de carbono nas florestas por meio da conservação e da gestão sustentável, o que inclui ações relacionadas ao REDD+.

Conservar los bosques para combatir el cambio climático

En diciembre del 2015, con la firma del Acuerdo de París, las naciones del mundo llegaron a un consenso sobre un enfoque histórico, colectivo y exhaustivo para combatir el cambio climático. El objetivo principal del acuerdo, conforme a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), es mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de los 2 °C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, e intentar limitar el aumento a 1.5 °C. El acuerdo reconoce el papel fundamental de los bosques y de las acciones para detener y revertir la tasa de deforestación y degradación forestal en los países en desarrollo, que han aportado hasta el 20 % de las emisiones anuales de gases de efecto invernadero. Con el fn de ayudar a los países a efectuar estas acciones, el acuerdo incluye un marco de políticas e incentivos para reducir la deforestación y la degradación forestal, y aumentar el almacenamiento de carbono en los bosques mediante la conservación y el manejo sostenible. Este marco se conoce como REDD+.

Conserver les forêts pour lutter contre le changement climatique

En décembre 2015, avec la signature de l’Accord de Paris, les pays du monde entier se sont accordés sur une approche historique, collective et complète pour lutter contre le changement climatique. Le principal objectif de l’accord, sous la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique (CCNUCC) est de maintenir la montée de la température moyenne de par le monde bien en-deçà de 2oC au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels et d’essayer de limiter l’augmentation à 1,5oC. Au sein de cet accord se trouve la reconnaissance du rôle essentiel des forêts, y compris des actions visant à arrêter la déforestation et la dégradation de la forêt et à inverser leur rythme dans les pays en développement. La déforestation et la dégradation de la forêt contribuent jusqu’à hauteur de 20% aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Pour accompagner les pays dans ces actions, l’accord inclut un cadre de politiques et d’incitations pour la réduction de la déforestation et de la dégradation de la forêt, ainsi que l’augmentation des stocks de carbone dans les forêts par le biais de la conservation et d’une gestion durable. C’est ce que l’on appelle la REDD+.

REDD+ Integrado com mercados para atingir as metas do Acordo de Paris

Este artigo propõe uma arquitetura de mercado de carbono que inclua REDD+ integrado a outras atividades não-florestais, baseado em uma estratégia de proteção florestal, produção agropecuária e descarbonização de outros setores da economia – o “REDD+ Integrado”. O objetivo do REDD+ Integrado é de evitar os potenciais efeitos negativos que altos volumes de reduções de emissões de gases efeito estufa (GEE) a custos relativamente baixos poderiam ter em mercados, reduzindo preços e desestimulando outras atividades de redução e captura de GEE em andamento. Por outro lado, a não inclusão de iniciativas de REDD+ em mercados o cumprimento da NDC brasileira, e de outros países tropicais, será mais difícil e muito mais caro. Se bem administrada, no entanto, a inclusão de oferta de REDD+, a preços unitários mais baixos, permitirá a adoção de metas de redução mais ambiciosas envolvendo todos os setores da economia e um fluxo de recursos financeiros para proteção florestal em países tropicais. Por fim, para promover um desenvolvimento rural integrado, sugerimos estabelecer uma complementaridade entre os recursos captados pelo mecanismo de REDD+ destinados à proteção de florestas e os recursos destinados a assegurar a sustentabilidade na paisagem como um todo, ou seja, que considerem outras atividades de uso sustentável do solo tais como, reflorestamento, intensificação da pecuária e agricultura de baixo carbono.

Integrated REDD+ markets: a financial model to support forest protection, agricultural production and decarbonization efforts

This paper describes the design of a future global carbon market regime that includes REDD+ in its mix, by adopting separate but complementary markets to ensure that forest protection, land use production, and decarbonisation of other economic sectors occur in parallel – an integrated protection, production and decarbonization market – “Integraded REDD+”.¬ The objective of Integrated REDD+ markets is to avoid the potential negative impacts that large volumes of land-use GHG mitigation credits could have by reducing carbon prices to an extent that there would be no financial incentive for promoting investment in industrial improvements, energy efficiency, or renewable energy. At the same time, the inclusion of REDD+ in markets would ensure access to financial incentives to support tropical countries in their efforts related to forest protection and meeting their NDC targets. This could be even more impacting if investments into forest protection were complemented with investment into tackling the drivers of deforestation (predominantly intensification of agriculture to reduce pressure on land) and/or reforestation of sensitive areas. Finally, by including REDD+ in international markets would reduce the average cost of GHG abatement and enable countries/entities/sectors to adopt more ambitious targets.

Mapping REDD+: A visual guide to UNFCCC decisions

Mapping REDD+: A visual guide to UNFCCC decisions, an all-inclusive resource for REDD+ negotiators, practitioners, policy makers, and funders. REDD+ is ready for implementation, and a thorough understanding of relevant UNFCCC articles and decisions is needed to move forward and scale up action. In this comprehensive resource, we visually map the UNFCCC articles and decisions related to REDD+, and the connections between them, presenting all relevant decisions within one user-friendly document. The information is grouped into categories for easy reference regarding the subsets of REDD+ themes – such as finance, safeguards, and MRV – to ensure the highest levels of clarity and accessibility. The majority of the text is taken verbatim from official UNFCCC decisions, including citations, so readers can refer back to the original documents for additional context. Mapping REDD+ is a complete source of the relevant articles and decisions needed to make informed and UNFCCC-compliant decisions, for anyone working within the REDD+ framework, from planning, to finance, to implementation.

Letter Of Intent (LOI)

Document which set the obligations for both parties, namely DRC and CAFI, in terms of milestones to be complied with by DRC and the necessary funding CAFI will have to provide for the implementation of the DRC National REDD+ Investment Plan

Lettre d'Intention (LOI)

Document qui détermine les obligations des deux parties, à savoir la RDC et l'Initiative pour les Forêts de l'Afrique Centrale (CAFI), en terme de jalons à atteindre pour la RDC et des financements à assurer par CAFI pour la mise en oeuvre du Plan d'investissement National REDD+

National REDD+ Investment Plan

Programatic framework translating the National REDD+ Strategy into sectoral activities and key reforms, with project files related to the pilars identified in the National REDD+ Strategy

Plan National d'Investissement REDD+

Cadre de programmation qui décline la mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie Nationale REDD+, en terme d'activités sectorielles, des politiques et des réformes clés, notamment avec des fiches projets qui sont présentés correspondant aux piliers de la Stratégie.

Stratégie Nationale REDD+ Appendices

Annexes au Document de la Stratégie Nationale REDD+

Stratégie Nationale REDD+

Document de référence qui identifie les moteurs directs et indirects de la déforestation et de la dégradation forestière. Il précise la vision du Gouvernement pour un développement économique et social du pays à faible carbone, à l’horizon 2035, centrée sur 7 piliers d’intervention stratégique, dont 3 piliers sectoriels (agriculture, énergie e forêt) et 4 piliers habilitants (gouvernance, aménagement de territoire, reforme foncière et démographie)

Conserving Forests to Combat Climate Change

In December 2015, the Paris Agreement recognized the critical role of forests in combating climate change. This recognition included actions to halt and reverse the rate of deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, which have contributed up to 20 percent of annual greenhouse gas emissions. To assist countries in these actions, the agreement includes a framework of policies and incentives for reducing deforestation and forest degradation and increasing carbon storage in forests through conservation and sustainable management. This is known as REDD+, a mechanism that has evolved over a decade of discussions, research, and negotiations to become a key piece of the newly adopted climate architecture. The aim of REDD+ is to halt and reverse forest cover and carbon loss in developing countries by helping countries shift to low-emissions development pathways by increasing the value of healthy forests relative to other land uses. Achieving and sustaining the objectives of REDD+ requires the transformation of economic activities within and outside of forests, often referred to as the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. A solid understanding of REDD+ and the Paris Agreement is needed to accomplish these economic transformations and conserve forests as natural places, carbon stocks, and sustainable resources. This paper describes what REDD+ is, in a manner that is accessible to policy makers, scientists and civil society and in a form that is completely consistent with the UNFCCC decisions and agreements.

Jurisdictional Approaches to Zero Deforestation Commodities

Increasing numbers of governments, foundations, NGOs, and companies are looking to jurisdictional scale approaches as ways to help deliver sustainable and deforestation-free agricultural commodities. Jurisdictional approaches to zero-deforestation commodities (JA-ZDCs) lie at the intersection of three existing strategies to reduce forest loss and degradation, along with improving the health and sustainability of rural and frontier economies: landscape approaches, jurisdictional approaches, and voluntary corporate sustainability efforts. These three strategies are increasingly converging. This WWF discussion paper maps the current landscape of why, where, who, and how actors are approaching this convergence, based on more than twenty-five interviews with thought leaders in this space. We find that: - There are at least a few dozen examples of JA-ZDCs; however, most are relatively nascent in their development - These approaches take many different angles – including ’bottom-up‘ multi-stakeholder initiatives, global demand-side signals for commodities produced in reduced-deforestation jurisdictions, and place-based supply-side signals, e.g., in the form of jurisdictional certifications - Though there is a mix of enthusiasm and caution about the potential of JA-ZDCs, most interviewees view them as a challenging but promising development to help drive governments and commodity businesses (especially producers) to the table to establish shared goals and pathways to achieving them Key priorities looking forward will include continued experimentation, innovation, and knowledge sharing from early initiatives; increased opportunities for forest country governments to articulate specifically what they need from private sector actors to achieve sustainable development goals and climate targets; and increased technical work to identify how to scale and/or overlay farm- and plantation-level standards and progress in traceability with jurisdictional approaches that engage governments and incentivize land policy reform and/or implementation more broadly.

BOLETÍN DE POLÍTICAS: Incentivos fiscales a la producción agrícola: opciones para forjar una compatibilidad con REDD+

Este Boletín de políticas describe opciones para forjar una compatibilidad entre los incentivos fiscales a la producción agrícola y REDD+.

Business Case for Mainstreaming Gender in REDD+

Promoting a human rights-based approach to development requires UN-REDD partner institutions to ensure that their support for REDD+ promotes good practices and does not perpetuate or exacerbate existing inequalities between women and men. Toward this end, “the Business case for Mainstreaming Gender in REDD+” demonstrates why the unique role of women in protecting and managing forests— and ensuring their equal access to resources—is an important component for a more equitable, effective and efficient REDD+. Through this effort we hope to establish a greater base of evidence that will help policy-makers, practitioners and others understand the critical influence that gender-differentiated needs, uses and knowledge have on REDD+ policy and programming on the ground.

Info Brief: Banking on REDD+: Can bank and investor risk policies on soft commodities benefit REDD+?

This Info Brief assesses whether and how soft commodity risk policies by banks and investors could potentially benefit UN-REDD countries to achieve REDD+ results based on an analysis of risk policies from a range of financial institutions. This brief has been produced in parallel with a report by UNEP (2015) titled ‘Bank and Investor Risk Policies on Soft Commodities\' that approaches the same topic from the angle of the financial industry, providing greater clarity what criteria banks and investors can adopt in risk policies to reduce the probability of clients having significant impacts on (tropical) forest ecosystems from soy, palm oil and beef production.

REDD+ Academy Learning Journals

This comprehensive REDD+ learning resource addresses 12 key topics in REDD+: Forest, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change; Understanding REDD+ and the UNFCCC; Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation; National Strategies and Action Plans; National Forest Monitoring Systems; Forest Reference Emission Levels; Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation; REDD+ Safeguards; REDD+ Finance; Approaches for Allocation of Incentives; Stakeholder Engagement; Good Governance.

REDD+ Finance Flows 2009-2014: Trends and Lessons Learned in REDDX Countries

The study follows the money trail in 13 countries that account for 65 percent of the globe’s tropical forest cover under the U.N.’s REDD+ initiative. The research by Forest Trends’ REDDX (REDD eXpenditures) initiative covers six years from 2009 to 2014. It tracks more than $6 billion of the nearly $10 billion that has been committed or pledged to REDD+ programs globally. Key findings of the new report show that of the $3.7 billion committed, 60 percent or $2.2 billion came directly from individual donor countries. Norway, the largest donor by far, has contributed nearly half of all those funds; Germany, Japan and the United States committed a combined total of $730 million; and the U.K., Australia and France contributed most of the remainder. The private sector contributed 10 percent of all REDD+ finance commitments tracked in these 13 countries. Brazil and Indonesia together received nearly two-thirds of all funding pledged or committed. The big winner that has received the most money thus far is Brazil’s Amazon Fund, which had received $867 million from Norway by the end of 2014. Payments of promised funds have grown steadily, with 62 percent of all committed funds paid out by the end of 2014. Most of the money has gone directly to government agencies, with small amounts supporting the work of international organizations. The percentage of payments paid out to participating countries varies dramatically, from Brazil, which has received 91 percent of its promised funding, to Mexico, which has gotten only 5 percent of the money pledged to it.

INDC Analysis: An Overview of the Forest Sector

Current commitments to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions fall far short of what is needed to prevent dangerous levels of climate change. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted by countries to date would likely result in a catastrophic global average temperature rise of 3-3.5°C, even if all conditional targets were met. But more ambitious action to protect forests and restore degraded lands could go a long way towards closing the gap between current proposals and what science says is needed. WWF’s report INDC Analysis: An Overview of the Forest Sector looks at the plans countries have laid out for reducing emissions from forest loss, and identifies opportunities for forest countries and donors to make a bigger contribution. The report analyses the INDCs submitted by 75 developing countries or emerging economies which account for the vast majority of tropical forest cover. “While the proposed measures vary widely, overall countries recognize the vital importance of the forest sector within their INDCs,” said Josefina Brana-Varela, head of policy for WWF’s Forest and Climate Programme. “But to realize the full global mitigation potential, many countries still need to clarify and strengthen their intended forest sector contributions.” Of the INDCs analysed, over half establish one or more concrete goals in the forest sector. These include targets for afforestation, reforestation and restoration; to maintain and/or increase forest cover; for sustainable forest management; and to increase the uptake of improved cook stoves, which use less firewood. The review highlights a number of ways to augment the role that various forest conservation and restoration actions can play in reducing the emissions gap. These actions can also help countries adapt to climate change and achieve wider sustainable development goals. “Forested developing countries should include clear, comprehensive mitigation targets and transparent financial needs in their INDCs,” added Brana-Varela. “This will help forge partnerships with potential donors, and enable them to make a major contribution to closing the emissions gap.”

PROYECTO DE DOCUMENTO DE EXPECTATIVAS DE LA COP 21 DE PARÍS

La Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2015 (COP21) es un momento fundamental. Los gobiernos han fijado diciembre de 2015 como plazo para ponerse de acuerdo sobre un nuevo régimen climático para después de 2020.

PROJET DE DOCUMENT SUR LES ATTENTES DE LA COP 21 DE PARIS

La conférence de l’ONU sur le changement climatique de 2015 qui se tiendra à Paris (COP21) est un moment charnière. Les États se sont fixé comme date limite décembre 2015 pour s’accorder sur un nouveau régime climat pour la période après 2020.

Expectations Paper COP21 Paris

The 2015 UN climate change conference in Paris (COP21) is a pivotal moment. Governments have set December 2015 as the deadline to agree on a new climate regime for 2020 onwards. This deal must give the world a fighting chance to avoid dangerous global temperature rises. Such an agreement needs to be fair, ambitious, and transformational. At the same time, COP21 provides an opportunity to showcase efforts that countries, the private sector, and civil society are making to combat climate change – and to accelerate and scale up these actions.

O nível de referência de emissões florestais do Brasil para pagamentos por resultados de redução de emissões provenientes do desmatamento no bioma Amazônia

O Brasil é responsável por expressivos resultados de redução de emissões de CO 2 provenientes do desmatamento no bioma Amazônia. ™ A formalização das ações nacionais de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa provenientes do desmatamento e degradação florestal, incluindo o papel da conservação florestal, do manejo sustentável de florestas e do aumento dos estoques de carbono florestal (REDD+) é um requisito para o reconhecimento dos resultados alcançados no âmbito da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (UNFCCC). ™ O nível de referência de emissões florestais (FREL) é o referencial a partir do qual o resultado das ações de REDD+ é medido. ™ A submissão do FREL por países em desenvolvimento é voluntária, sendo, porém, um dos requisitos de elegibilidade para o recebimento de pagamentos por desempenho. O Brasil foi o primeiro país a submeter um FREL para avaliação de especialistas indicados pela UNFCCC em junho de 2014, dando início à implementação do Marco de Varsóvia para REDD+. O FREL submetido pelo Brasil passou por rigoroso processo de avaliação no âmbito da UNFCCC entre agosto e novembro de 2014. Esse processo facilitativo, contribuiu para dar maior transparência à submissão e identificou também áreas onde o Brasil poderia priorizar seus esforços de desenvolvimento técnico. O Brasil espera que mais países em desenvolvimento submetam seus FRELs e que países desenvolvidos se comprometam com o pagamento por resultados, para garantir a efetiva contribuição de REDD+ para a mitigação da mudança global do clima.

REDD+ na Convencao Quadro das Nacoes Unidas sobre Mudanca do Clima (UNFCCC)

Em 2013, a assinatura do denominado Marco de Varsóvia para REDD+ (the Warsaw Framework for REDD+) cria, sob a Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (UNFCCC), uma arquitetura internacional destinada a prover incentivos financeiros a atividades REDD+. O Marco de Varsóvia para REDD+ estabelece os requisitos para o reconhecimento de resultados de mitigação da perda florestal nos países em desenvolvimento, bem como as maneiras pelas quais eles poderão obter pagamentos por resultados. Para receberem o pagamento por resultado, os países em desenvolvimento devem submeter seus níveis de referência de emissões florestais à avaliação de especialistas internacionais selecionados pela UNFCCC. Será estruturado um portal de informação (information hub) da plataforma de REDD+ da UNFCCC (d ecisão 9/ CP.19). O portal divulgará: resultados em toneladas de gás carbônico equivalente e link para os relatórios finais das análises do anexo técnico; os níveis de referência avaliados e link para os relatórios do time de avaliação; relatórios resumidos sobre o cumprimento das salvaguardas de Cancun; link para Estratégia Nacional para REDD+ e informação sobre o sistema nacional de monitoramento conforme Anexo Técnico.

REDD+ e povos indígenas

Povos indígenas estão entre os atores mais atingidos por efeitos indiretos da mudança do clima, tais como secas prolongadas, incêndios florestais, pragas e doenças. Além disso, o desmatamento em terras indígenas é menor do que em áreas com outros usos em uma mesma região, possuindo assim papel estratégico nas ações de REDD+. Troca de visões e experiências sobre REDD+ e sua interface com relação às políticas indígenas e indigenistas são de extrema importância para um delineamento eficiente de ações e garantia de seus co-benefícios. A Política Nacional de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental de Terras Indígenas (PNGATI) figura como importante marco legal para promover a proteção de recursos renováveis em terras indígenas, garantindo a qualidade de vida de suas populações.

Salvaguardas de REDD+

De modo inédito, a Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças do Clima (UNFCCC, em inglês) adotou, em sua decisão 1/CP.16, um conjunto de sete salvaguardas voltadas a REDD+ a serem adotadas e respeitadas pelos países, de modo a abordar os impactos diretos e indiretos, positivos e negativos de ações de REDD+. No Brasil, já existem ações e iniciativas no sentido de garantir e promover as salvaguardas de REDD+ e o país emprega esforços para constituir um sistema nacional de informação sobre como as salvaguardas serão tratadas e respeitadas, levando em conta as bases de dados já existentes.

The Implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ by Brazil

Brazil was the first country to submit a forest reference emission level for results based payments to the UNFCCC. This submission has triggered the implementation of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+.

Forests and Climate Change after Lima: An Asia-Pacific Perspective

REDD+ Benefit Sharing Dialogue United States 23-24 March 2013 - Washington D.C. United States Co-chair's Summary

REDD+ Benefit Sharing Dialogue United States 23-24 March 2013 - Washington D.C. United States Background Paper

Forests and Climate Change after Doha: An Asia-Pacific Perspective

General Overview on Co-benefits of REDD+ implementation

Opportunities for achieving biodiversity conservation through REDD

The United Nations climate negotiations on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) provide a rare opportunity for conservation of tropical forests and biodiversity. Here, we explore the implications of REDD design and implementation options on biodiversity conservation and ways to link REDD with biodiversity conservation. From both a mitigation and biodiversity perspective, the most important immediate steps are to ensure that REDD is included in the new global climate agreement and maximizes the area of tropical forest conserved. It may also be possible to include guidelines or incentives within a REDD framework or in national implementation to channel funding to areas of high biodiversity. However, if the immediate steps above are not taken first, REDD will reach neither its mitigation nor its biodiversity conservation potential.

Performance-Based REDD+ and the Role of Non-Carbon Benefits

Safeguard Information Systems (SIS): An Opportunity for REDD+ Countries and Donors Alike

External Policy Brief: UNFCCC-COP18 - Overall Expectations for REDD+

UN-Klimakonferenz 2012 COP 18 in Doha, Katar Die Erwartungen des WWF

Forests and climate change after Durban: An Asia-Pacific perspective

Safeguarding REDD+ Finance

Policy paper on REDDplus

The German NGO Forum on Environment and Development has recently developed a policy Paper on REDDplus.

Forests and Climate Change after Lima: An Asia-Pacific Perspective

The Costs of REDD: Lessons from Amazonas

The Amazonas Sustainable Foundation is a public-private, independent and non-profit, non-governmental institution of public interest and without political party connections. It was founded in December, 2007, by the Amazonas State Government and the Bradesco Bank, according to its bylaws, approved by the State Public Ministry, in the title recorded at civil registry, according to federal and state laws.

What is needed to make REDD+ work on the ground? Lessons learned from pilot forest carbon initiatives

In this report, Conservation International provides an in-depth analysis of 12 pilot forest carbon initiatives in which it has been involved as partner, in order to provide preliminary insights into what will be needed to make REDD+ work on the ground. Located in nine countries throughout Asia, Latin America and Africa, these initiatives represent a broad range of geographic, socioeconomic and biophysical conditions and provide a unique opportunity to examine the challenges and opportunities of designing and implementing forest carbon initiatives in different countries. By providing a holistic and fine-scale analysis of Conservation International’s experiences in implementing reforestation and REDD+ initiatives on the ground, this study reveals many of the real-world challenges that project managers and policy makers will likely face as they design and implement new REDD+ initiatives , and provide practical recommendations of how to enhance the chances of successful design and implementation in the field that result in the provision of climate, community and biodiversity benefits.

促使REDD+机制切 实发挥作用，尚有 哪些欠缺？ 由森林碳汇试点项目得 到的经验 执行纲要及建议

What is needed to make REDD+ work on the ground? Lessons learned from pilot forest carbon initiatives Executive Summary + Recommendations

¿Qué se necesita para hacer REDD+ funcionar en el campo? Lecciones aprendidas de iniciativas piloto de carbono forestal Resumen Ejecutivo + Recomendaciones

De quoi le mécanisme REDD+ a-t-il besoin pour fonctionner sur le terrain? Retour d’expérience d’initiatives pilotes de carbone forestier Synthèse + Recommandations

O que é necessário para fazer o REDD+ funcionar em campo? Lições aprendidas em iniciativas florestais de carbono Sumário Executivo + Recomendações

The REDD+ challenge in DRC - presentation at Forest Day 3, COP 15 at Copenhagen

Coordination Nationale REDD de la République Démocratique du Congo - Rapport des ateliers de pré-validation et de validation de la RPP

La RDC face au défi REDD, présentation aux Nations-Unies, réunion de l'equipe pays

Rapport du atelier de sensibilisation et consultation des Parties prenantes de la province du Katanga sur le processus REDD en RD Congo tenu a Lubumbashi

La RDC face au défi REDD+ - État d'avancement de l'ONU-REDD en RDC, presentation at side event: developpement de l'initiative REDD en Afrique Centrale, COP 15 at Copenhagen

Forests and Climate Change after Copenhagen: An Asia-Pacific Perspective

Following COP15, forestry stakeholders have raised many questions about the meaning of the Copenhagen outcome for people, forests, and forestry. FAO and RECOFTC recently brought together 12 experts in Bali to debate the issue and provide answers to a dozen key questions.

TFD Review - Investing in REDD-plus - Consensus Recommendations on Frameworks for the Financing of REDD-plus

Over the year 2009, The Forest Dialogue (TFD) has held three international dialogues and one writing workshop on Financing REDD-plus, which engaged 100 leaders from different stakeholder groups. These stakeholders include indigenous peoples, family forest owners, industry, academics, IGOs, ENGOs, trade unions, social NGOs, forest industry, forest and carbon investors, retailers and government representatives. The TFD's dialogue initiative on Financing REDD-plus focused on the elements of a framework for REDD financing and implementation. The consensus reached during this initiative has led to 26 recommendations launched on October 1st, 2009, during the UNFCCC Climate Change Talks in Bangkok, Thailand. The recommendations were fed into the processes of the Informal Working Group on Interim Finance for REDD+ (IWG-IFR). A more extensive report on TFD’s initiative on investing in REDD-plus was published in June, 2010, which captures not only the 26 recommendations but also other key issues that have been discussed under this stream of dialogue.

REDD-plus & Biodiversity e-Newsletter Volume 6

Reporting REDD - A Journalist's Guide to the Role of Forests in Combating Global Climate Change

Produced by Panos London as part of the Climate Change Media Partnership, this media pack aims to give journalists an overview of a vital issue in global climate change negotiations. REDD - reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries - is a proposed mechanism to slow the loss of forests, but how it will work in practice is proving controversial, raising complex and emotive issues of national sovereignty, human rights, big money and corruption. The pack outlines the key debates and looks at the possible complexities involved such as the sheer scale of the mechanism, and the difficulties there might be in measuring the amount of carbon being saved.

Investing in REDD-plus, Executive summary of The Forest Dialogue consensus

Investing in REDD-plus, Consensus on frameworks for the financing and implementation of REDD-plus

Invirtiendo en REDD-plus, Resumen del Consenso del Diálogo Forestal

Invirtiendo en REDD-plus, Consenso sobre marcos generales para el financiamiento e implementación de mecanismos de REDD-plus

Investir dans la REDD-plus, Résumé du consensus atteint par The Forest Dialogue

Investir dans la REDD-plus, Consensus sur les cadres de financement et de l'application de la REDD-plus

The History of REDD policy - Kyoto to Copenhagen

A comprehensive summary of the history of REDD policy, from its roots in the Kyoto Protocol, December 1997, to the final meetings of the AWG-LCA and SBSTA before COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009. The white paper discusses the genesis of REDD policy and provides an overview of major turning points in the key issues of contention in international REDD policy: -The scope of the definition of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation; -Carbon Accounting for REDD - Measurement, Reporting and Verification; -The rights of Indigenous People; -Financing options for REDD; -Institutional arrangements - Should REDD be a NAMA or project based.

The Little REDD+ Book

An updated guide to governmental and non-governmental proposals for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation.

TFD Background paper

TFD is convening a series of multi-stakeholder dialogues to engage interested stakeholders in a constructive learning and discussion on the options available for the development of future REDD financial mechanisms. Through the dialogue, the participants will understand the various options for REDD financial mechanisms, identify the true fracture lines among stakeholders over the different REDD financial schemes, and begin to develop consensus based solutions to address the challenges to successful implementation. The first dialogue was held in New York City and it will be co-hosted by the UNFCCC Secretariat.

Co-chair's summary report

TFD is convening a series of multi-stakeholder dialogues to engage interested stakeholders in a constructive learning and discussion on the options available for the development of future REDD financial mechanisms. Through the dialogue, the participants will understand the various options for REDD financial mechanisms, identify the true fracture lines among stakeholders over the different REDD financial schemes, and begin to develop consensus based solutions to address the challenges to successful implementation. The first dialogue was held in New York City and it will be co-hosted by the UNFCCC Secretariat.

Co-chair's summary report

Built on the outcomes of the first dialogue, TFD continued the discussion on REDD finance in Montreux. Through a facilitated plenary and working group based process, the Montreux Dialogue aimed to apprehend the development on REDD financing on the Climate Change negotiation front, to integrate new developments into the discussion, to reinforce some of the points of consensus and to begin to bridge some of the points of disagreement that arose from the first TFD meeting in New York City. The dialogue is co-hosted by Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), supported by Intercooperation.

Le Petit Livre Rouge du REDD

The Little REDD Book is a non-partisan guide to governmental and non-governmental proposals for REDD, published by the Global Canopy Programme (GCP). The book, which has been compiled in collaboration with the Prince's Rainforest Project and other key forest stakeholders, presents thirty-three REDD proposals in a simple, non-technical language. For more information on the Little REDD Book or on the GCP, contact Charlie Parker: < c.parker@globalcanopy.org > The Little REDD Book has recently been updated and the third edition of the book is now available. Other language versions of the book in Bahasa Indonesia, French , Portuguese, Spanish and Mandarin are available at: < www.littleREDDbook.org >

Info Brief: Financing REDD: Linking country needs and financing sources

Moving ahead with REDD: Issues, options and implications

Info Brief: The role of REDD in stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations: Lessons from economic models

The Little REDD Book Third Edition

The Little REDD Book is a non-partisan guide to governmental and non-governmental proposals for REDD, published by the Global Canopy Programme (GCP). The book, which has been compiled in collaboration with the Prince's Rainforest Project and other key forest stakeholders, presents thirty-three REDD proposals in a simple, non-technical language. For more information on the Little REDD Book or on the GCP, contact Charlie Parker: < c.parker@globalcanopy.org > The Little REDD Book has recently been updated and the third edition of the book is now available. Other language versions of the book in Bahasa Indonesia, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Mandarin are available at: < www.littleREDDbook.org >

Financing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation: Issues in Design and Implementation

The OECD in Paris, France, under the auspices of the Annex I Expert Group (AIXG) on the UNFCCC, has elaborated the following three documents on REDD: -Financing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation: Issues in Design and Implementation -Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico -Initial Review of Policies and Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation The OECD also convened a workshop on 26 March 2008 on Incentives to Capture the Carbon and Biodiversity for Reducing Deforestation: Linkages, Synergies and Limitations. Links to the workshop agenda, all presentations and the Chair's summary are available at: < www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity >; For more information on the OECD work on REDD, contact Katia Karousakis at: < katia.karousakis@oecd.org >

Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico

The OECD in Paris, France, under the auspices of the Annex I Expert Group (AIXG) on the UNFCCC, has elaborated the following three documents on REDD: -Financing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation: Issues in Design and Implementation -Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico -Initial Review of Policies and Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation The OECD also convened a workshop on 26 March 2008 on Incentives to Capture the Carbon and Biodiversity for Reducing Deforestation: Linkages, Synergies and Limitations. Links to the workshop agenda, all presentations and the Chair's summary are available at: < www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity >; For more information on the OECD work on REDD, contact Katia Karousakis at: < katia.karousakis@oecd.org >

Beyond REDD: the Role of Forests in Climate Change

Beginning in December 2007, The Forests Dialogue (TFD) has led a multi-stakeholder dialogue process focused on developing a clear, unified message and common set of principles illustrating the factors and conditions necessary to maximize forests and people’s ability to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The initiative has involved more than 275 diverse leaders representing all stakeholder groups from around the world. The group produced a comprehensive consensus Statement on Forests and Climate Change titled “Beyond REDD: the Role of Forests in Climate Change” that lays out 5 guiding principles and over 100 suggested actions for stakeholders including government climate negotiators. This document also includes 5 Briefing Notes. For more information on TFD’s Forest and Climate Initiative contact TFD’s Executive Director, Gary Dunning, at < info@theforestsdialogue.org >

USAID's biodiversity conservation and forestry programs, FY 2007

USAID, along with the U.S. Department of State, spends approximately $90 million annually to reduce deforestation, increase sequestration, and enhance sustainable forest management. Some examples of USAID programs include: -Spending $30 million annually for conservation in the Amazon, including the Initiative for Conservation in the Andean Amazon and over $100 million since 2002 to targeted conservation programs as part of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership. -Working with the Center for International Forestry (CIFOR) to create a suite of training modules on topics related to forests and climate change, including modules on carbon accounting, forest management, trading carbon from forests, and international policy. -Assessing forest conservation and natural resources management programs – in countries such as Indonesia, Liberia and Bolivia – to see how they can be redesigned, to better incorporate forest climate practices and policies.